Give short answers.
1:What is the name of the second caliphate?
2:What was the time period of the rule of the Umayyads?
3:Who founded the Umayyad Dynasty?
4:Which countries or places of the world were ruled by the Umayyad Dynasty?
5:Did they rule a large area?
6:During which Dynasty's rule, did Muhammad bin Qasim conquer Sindh?
7:How were the non-Muslims treated during the Umayyad's rule?
8:How were the non-Arabs treated during the Umayyad's rule?
Answers
1) Umar ibn al-Khattab was the second caliphate of the Rashidun Caliphate , as the first four caliphs are referred to by the Sunni Muslims. He was an early convert of Islam and one of the close companions of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad
2) The Umayyad Caliphate was the second of the four major Arab caliphates established after the death of Muhammad
3) he Umayyad regime was founded by Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan, long-time governor of Syria, after the end of the First Muslim Civil War in 661 CE.
4) The Umayyad army was mainly Arab, with its core consisting of those who had settled in urban Syria and the Arab tribes who originally served in the army of the Eastern Roman Empire in Syria
6) Umayyad caliph
7)
8) Non-Arabs were treated as second-class citizens regardless of whether or not they converted to Islam
Answer:
(1)Umar ibn al-Khattab (r. 634-644 CE) was the second caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate (632-661 CE, as the first four caliphs are referred to by the Sunni Muslims). He was an early convert of Islam and one of the close companions of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad.
(2)Muawiya made himself the next caliph in 661, founding the Umayyad dynasty which lasted till 750. After the civil wars, it appeared as if Arab domination would disintegrate.
(3) It was established by Muawiyah Ibn Abi Sufyan, a native of Mecca and a contemporary of the Prophet Muhammad.
(4)The Umayyad Caliphate expanded the Islamic Empire into one of the largest empires in the history of the world. At its peak, the Umayyad Caliphate controlled the Middle East, parts of India, much of North Africa, and Spain
(5)The Umayyad Caliphate ruled over a vast multiethnic and multicultural population. Christians, who still constituted a majority of the caliphate's population
(6)695 – 18 July 715), was an Arab military commander of the Umayyad Caliphate who led the Muslim conquest of Sindh and Multan from the last Hindu king, Raja Dahir in the battle of Aror.
(7)There was, however, the Muslim-only zakat tax, which was earmarked explicitly for various welfare programmesfor the benefit of Muslims or Muslim converts onlyProminent positions were held by Christians, some of whom belonged to families that had served in Byzantine governments.
(8)Non-Arabs were treated as second-class citizens regardless of whether or not they converted to Islam, and this discontent cutting across faiths and ethnicities ultimately led to the Umayyads' overthrow. The Abbasid family claimed to have descended from al-Abbas, an uncle of the Prophet.