Question

Give some points on pneumatoxic centre and apneustic centre .​

Answer 1

Answer:

Upper brain stem respiratory neurons are located in the rostral pons, in the region of the parabrachial and Kölliker-Fuse nuclei (pneumotaxic center), and in the dorsolateral region of the lower pons (apneustic center).

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Answer 2

Answer:

Hey buddy!!

Explanation:

The pons extends inferiorly from the mesencephalon to the medulla oblongata with the cerebral hemispheres lying astride the posterior surface of the pons (Fig. 118-1). The pons contains a number of important structures including:

1.The nuclei containing both the apneustic center and the pneumotaxic centers, which coordinate the involuntary control of respiration

2. The sensory and motor nuclei of cranial nerves V, VI, VII, and VIII

3. The nuclei that process and relay afferent information from the cerebellum that arrive in the pons via the middle cerebral peduncles

4. Tracts of ascending, descending, and transverse fibers that carry information from the spinal cord to the brain and from the brain to the spinal cord and information from opposite cerebral hemispheres

The “pneumotaxic center” in the rostral dorsolateral pons as delineated by Lumsden nine decades ago is known to play an important role in promoting the inspiratory off-switch (IOS) for inspiratory–expiratory phase transition as a fail-safe mechanism for preventing apneusis in the absence of vagal input. Traditionally, the pontine pneumotaxic mechanism has been thought to contribute a tonic descending input that lowers the IOS threshold in medullary respiratory central pattern generator (rCPG) circuits, but otherwise does not constitute part of the rCPG. Recent evidence indicates that descending input from the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KFN) within the pneumotaxic center is essential for gating the postinspiratory phase of the three-phase respiratory rhythm to control the IOS in vagotomized animals. A critical question arising is whether such a descending pneumotaxic input from KFN that drives postinspiratory activity is tonic (null hypothesis) or rhythmic with postinspiratory phase modulation (alternative hypothesis). Here, we show that multifarious evidence reported in the literature collectively indicates that the descending pneumotaxic input may exhibit NMDA receptor-dependent short-term plasticity in the form of a biphasic neural differentiator that bidirectionally and phase-selectively modulates postinspiratory phase duration in response to vagal and peripheral chemoreceptor inputs independent of the responses in inspiratory and late-expiratory activities. The phase-selectivity property of the descending pneumotaxic input implicates a population of pontine early-expiratory (postinspiratory/expiratory-decrementing) neurons as the most likely neural correlate of the pneumotaxic mechanism that drives post-I activity, suggesting that the pontine pneumotaxic mechanism may be an integral part of a pontomedullary rCPG that underlies the three-phase respiratory rhythm.

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