Give the classification of phytoconstituents of therapeutic importance giving one example
of each class.
Answers
Answer:
- Some Phytoconstituents with physiological properties may be elements rather than complex organic molecules . ... One example from this substance class is acutissimin A, having a flavogallonyl unit.
Answer:
Diabetes Mellitus, characterized by persistent hyperglycaemia, is a heterogeneous group of disorders of multiple aetiologies. It affects the human body at multiple organ levels thus making it difficult to follow a particular line of the treatment protocol and requires a multimodal approach. The increasing medical burden on patients with diabetes-related complications results in an enormous economic burden, which could severely impair global economic growth in the near future. This shows that today’s healthcare system has conventionally been poorly equipped towards confronting the mounting impact of diabetes on a global scale and demands an urgent need for newer and better options. The overall challenge of this field of diabetes treatment is to identify the individualized factors that can lead to improved glycaemic control. Plants are traditionally used worldwide as remedies for diabetes healing. They synthesize a diverse array of biologically active compounds having antidiabetic properties. This review is an endeavour to document the present armamentarium of antidiabetic herbal drug discovery and developments, highlighting mechanism-based antidiabetic properties of over 300 different phytoconstituents of various chemical categories from about 100 different plants modulating different metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, Krebs cycle, gluconeogenesis, glycogen synthesis and degradation, cholesterol synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism as well as peroxisome proliferator activated receptor activation, dipeptidyl peptidase inhibition and free radical scavenging action. The aim is to provide a rich reservoir of pharmacologically established antidiabetic phytoconstituents with specific references to the novel, cost-effective interventions, which might be of relevance to other low-income and middle-income countries of the world.
Keywords: antidiabetics, diabetes mellitus, hyperglycaemia, metabolism, phytoconstituents
Introduction
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common endocrine disorder resulting from a defect in insulin secretion, insulin resistance or both. It is the third leading cause of morbidity and mortality, after heart attack and cancer. In 2015, about 415 million people had diabetes in the world and 78 million people in the Southeast Asia (SEA) region; by 2040 this will rise to 140 million. India is one of the epicentres of the global DM pandemic. There were 69.1 million cases of diabetes in India in 2015.1,2 DM characterized by persistent hyperglycaemia is a heterogeneous group of disorders of multiple aetiologies that affect the human body at multiple organ levels, thus making it difficult to follow a particular line of treatment. The treatment protocol requires a multimodal approach which should be personalized so that it varies from person to person.3 In general, DM is classified into two categories: type 1 and type 2. In type 1 diabetes (T1DM), hormone insulin is not produced due to the destruction of pancreatic β cells, while type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is characterized by a progressive impairment of insulin secretion by pancreatic β cells and by a relative decreased sensitivity of target tissues to the action of this hormone. T2DM leads to other pathological consequences like cardiovascular disorders, nephropathy, neuropathies and the patient becomes prone to a number of infections too.4 The increasing medical burden on patients with diabetes-related complications also results in an enormous economic burden, which could severely impair global economic growth in the near future. This shows that today’s health system has conventionally been poorly equipped to confront the mounting impact of diabetes on a global scale and demands an urgent need for newer and better options. The overall challenge of this field of diabetic treatment is to identify the individualized factors that can lead to improved glycaemic control.
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