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1.Since the middle of the 19th century, minerals have been classified on the basis of their chemical composition. Under this scheme, they are divided into classes according to their dominant anion or anionic group (e.g., halides, oxides, and sulfides).
2.Metals are elementary substances, such as gold, silver and copper that are crystalline when solid and naturally occurring in minerals. They often have the characteristics of being good conductors of electricity and heat, of being shiny in appearance and of being malleable.
3.Once a mineral deposit has been found it has to be extracted from the ground to access the valuable minerals it contains. This can be done by opencast quarrying or underground mining. Certain minerals can also be extracted by pumping.
4.
The mineral fuels like coal and petroleum are also non-metallic minerals. Minerals can be extracted by mining, drilling or quarrying (Fig 3.3). The process of taking out minerals from rocks buried under the earth's surface is called mining
5.
Iron ore mine production
Iron ore minerals are mostly found as hematite and magnetite. Australia and Brazil are among the world's largest iron ore mine producers, producing 930 million metric tons and 480 million metric tons, respectively, in 2019
6.
China
List of countries by tin production
RankCountry/Regiontin production (tonnes)World310,0001China85,0002Indonesia80,0003Myanmar (Burma)54,000
7.Africa is the world's largest producer of diamonds, producing as much as 50% of global production. To date, Africa has produced over 75%, in value, of the world's diamonds with more than 1.9 billion carats worth an estimated $US 158 billion mined. Angola, Botswana and South Africa are leading producers of diamonds.
8.India is the largest producer and exporter of mica in the world.
9.Thus first lignite (also called "brown coal"), then sub-bituminous coal, bituminous coal, and lastly anthracite (also called "hard coal" or "black coal") may be formed. The wide, shallow seas of the Carboniferous Period provided ideal conditions for coal formation, although coal is known from most geological periods.
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