give the formula of flux linkage in term of angular orientation
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Answer:
In circuit theory, flux linkage is a property of a two-terminal element. It is an extension rather than an equivalent of magnetic flux and is defined as a time integral[citation needed]
{\displaystyle \lambda =\int {\mathcal {E}}\,dt,}
where {\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}} is the voltage across the device, or the potential difference between the two terminals. This definition can also be written in differential form as a rate
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}={\frac {d\lambda }{dt}}.}
Faraday showed that the magnitude of the electromotive force (EMF) generated in a conductor forming a closed loop is proportional to the rate of change of the total magnetic flux passing through the loop (Faraday's law of induction). Thus, for a typical inductance (a coil of conducting wire), the flux linkage is equivalent to magnetic flux, which is the total magnetic field passing through the surface (i.e., normal to that surface) formed by a closed conducting loop coil and is determined by the number of turns in the coil and the magnetic field, i.e.,
{\displaystyle \lambda =\int \limits _{S}{\vec {B}}\cdot d{\vec {S}},}
where {\displaystyle {\vec {B}}} is the flux density, or flux per unit area at a given point in space.
The simplest example of such a system is a single circular coil of conductive wire immersed in a magnetic field, in which case the flux linkage is simply the flux passing through the loop.
The flux {\displaystyle \Phi } through the surface delimited by a coil turn exists independently of the presence of the coil. Furthermore, in a thought experiment with a coil of {\displaystyle N} turns, where each turn forms a loop with exactly the same boundary, each turn will "link" the "same" (identically, not merely the same quantity) flux {\displaystyle \Phi }, all for a total flux linkage of {\displaystyle \lambda =N\Phi }. The distinction relies heavily on intuition, and the term "flux linkage" is used mainly in engineering disciplines. Theoretically, the case of a multi-turn induction coil is explained and treated perfectly rigorously with Riemann surfaces: what is called "flux linkage" in engineering is simply the flux passing through the Riemann surface bounded by the coil's turns, hence no particularly useful distinction between flux and "linkage".