Question

Give the mechanism of nucleophilic addition reaction of aldehyde and ketone

Answer 1

Answer:

Explanation:

What Are Aldehydes and Ketones?

If you walk into your kitchen on an average day, chances are you'll find some aldehydes laying around. From the vitamin A in your carrots to the formica on your countertops, aldehydes might sound complicated, but they are actually part of our everyday lives. Aldehydes can also be found in other vitamins, such as vitamin B6, hormones, and the all important sugar, glucose. Aldehydes are used in manufacturing as well, as intermediates to make dyes, pharmaceuticals, and plastics.

But, what about ketones? Ketones have an equally important place in our lives. These molecules show up in sugars and hormones as well, and are important byproducts of metabolic reactions. One common ketone used for industrial purposes is acetone, like the substance you find in nail polish remover. But it's used for far more than that. Ketones like acetone are used to form lacquers, varnishes, resins, paints, and even explosives.

Aldehydes and ketones are unique because they have a carbonyl group, or a carbon attached to an oxygen with a double bond. Aldehydes have a carbon in the carbonyl group bound to an oxygen, another carbon and a hydrogen.

Nucleophilic Addition

Because oxygen is very electronegative it forms a polar bond with carbon, where the electrons are shared unequally. The oxygen gets a partial negative charge as a result, and the carbon atom gets a partial positive charge.

Since the carbon atom is relatively electron poor, this opens it up to attack by a nucleophile, or an atom that can donate electrons. Aldehydes and ketones have no good leaving groups, so when the carbonyl carbon is attacked by a nucleophile, the nucleophile simply pushes the electrons toward oxygen and forms a new bond with the carbon atom.

Since the oxygen atom now has a negative charge, it can pick up a hydrogen ion from solution, forming an alcohol on the carbonyl carbon. This type of reaction is called a nucleophilic addition reaction and is characteristic of aldehydes and ketones.