Question

give the schematic representation types of plant and animal tissue?

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Answer 1

Answer:

A schematic representation of plant tissue before (left) and after electroporation (right). The pores created in the plasma membrane facilitate influx and/or efflux of water and solutes.

Answer 2

shown by the schematic representation of plant tissue in Fig. 2 (left-hand part) in plant tissue cells are embedded into a structure formed by the extracellular matrix-the cell wall. The cell wall provides support to the plasma mem- brane, enabling it to withstand enormous pressure differ- ences across the membrane due to turgor and gives shape to the cell. The cell wall is a selective filter that allows water and ions to diffuse freely, but is a limiting factor in dif- fusion or convective flux of large molecules of more than 20 kDa in size. However, molecules of up to 10 kDa can pass between cells of some higher plants through structures known as plasmodesmata, i.e. specialized cell-cell junc- tions that extend through the cell wall ( Lodish et al. 2008). Note that these junctions are not shown in Fig. 2. Although in intact plant tissue the plasma membrane is the structure providing the largest resistance to intercellular (i.e. cell-to- cell) transport, as well as to transport between intracellular and extracellular space, we must bear in mind also the hindrance and filtering behaviour of the cell wall when considering mass transport in plant tissues (Buttersack and Basler 1991), as opposed to animal tissues where cells are not embedded in a porous extracellular structure akin to the cell wall. The cell wall thus presents an additional com- plexity and must be considered when studying electropor- ation and related mass transport phenomena in plants ( Janositz and Knorr 2010;Janositz et al. 2011). Figure 2 (right-hand part) gives a simplified schematic representation of plant tissue that has been electroporated. The plasma membrane has increased permeability due to electroporation (depicted by the dashed line representing the permeabilized membrane) and has lost the ability to selec- tively control influx and efflux of water and of those solutes that are, depending on their hydrodynamic size, able to pass through the membrane. According to current knowledge, see e.g. ( Galindo et al. 2008;Ganeva et al. 2014;Stirke et al. 2014), electroporation may also affect the cell wall and either decrease or increase its permeability (results of recent studies seem to be rather contradictory, and further studies are needed). The effect of electroporation on cell wall appears to depend on cell configuration (cells in suspension, mono- layers or tissues), species of organism (yeast, plants) and treatment protocol. However, the increase in permeability and conductivity of electroporation-treated plant tissue is by general consensus attributed predominantly to the increased permeability of the cell membrane. As mentioned in ''The Electroporation Phenomenon'' section, electroporation may cause the cell membrane to break down completely (irre- versible electroporation), in which case the cytosol, parts of disintegrated membrane, and the intracellular material remain trapped in the extracellular ...

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