Question

Glucose, starch, cellulose, chloroplast, grana, stroma, light reaction, dark reaction,
heterotrophic nutrition, parasitic nutrition, haustoria, Alimentary canal, salivary glands,
peristaltic movement, amylase, ptyalin, pepsin, chyme, sphincter, digestion, pancreas,
enzymes, villi, bile juice, lipase, fat, liver, emulsification, kwashiorkor, marasmys.​

Answer 1

• Light reaction: This refers to the initial phase of photosynthesis in which light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.
• Chloroplast: The light reaction takes place within the chloroplasts, which are specialized organelles found in plant cells.
• Grana: Grana are stacks of thylakoid membranes found inside the chloroplasts. They are the sites where the light reaction occurs.
• Stroma: Stroma is the fluid-filled space surrounding the grana within the chloroplasts. The dark reaction (also known as the Calvin cycle) takes place in the stroma.
• Dark reaction: Also referred to as the Calvin cycle, this is the second phase of photosynthesis, where carbon dioxide is converted into glucose using the energy stored in ATP and NADPH.
• Glucose: Glucose is a simple sugar and the primary product of photosynthesis. It serves as an energy source for cells.
• Starch: Plants store excess glucose in the form of starch, which acts as a long-term energy reserve.
• Cellulose: Cellulose is a complex carbohydrate and a major component of the cell walls in plants. It provides structural support.
• Salivary glands: Salivary glands produce saliva, which contains enzymes such as amylase (ptyalin). These enzymes begin the process of digestion in the mouth.
• Alimentary canal: The alimentary canal, also known as the digestive tract or gastrointestinal tract, is a long tube that extends from the mouth to the anus. It is responsible for digestion and absorption of nutrients.
• Peristaltic movement: Peristaltic movement refers to the rhythmic contractions of muscles in the digestive tract that propel food along the alimentary canal.
• Sphincter: Sphincters are ring-like muscles that regulate the passage of materials between different parts of the digestive tract. They help control the movement of food.
• Digestion: Digestion is the process of breaking down complex food molecules into simpler forms that can be absorbed and utilized by the body.
• Amylase (ptyalin): Amylase, also known as ptyalin, is an enzyme present in saliva that breaks down starch into simpler sugars.
• Pepsin: Pepsin is an enzyme produced in the stomach that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides.
• Chyme: It is the partially digested food mixture that moves from the stomach to the small intestine.
• Pancreas: The pancreas is a glandular organ located near the stomach that produces digestive enzymes, such as lipase, amylase, and proteases.

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