Question

good evening frnds!!
my question is
what is covalent bonding?


and do say how's mah pic? lol​

Answer 1

$\huge{\textbf{Answer:-}}$

Covalent bonding can be defined as bonding in which the cation and anion are formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another atom. The electron transfer is linked with the valence shell electronic configuration of the participating atoms.

The element carbon is a non-metal with atomic number equal to 6 and the electronic distribution in the element is 2,4. Therefore, carbon has four valence electrons and it does not take part in the ionic bond formation because it can neither loss or gain 4 electrons. So therefore, carbon completes it octet by sharing for electrons present in the valence shell with the electrons of the other atoms. This means that carbon is tetravalent in nature. It has many allotropy like fullerenes, graphite and diamond.

For example,

when an atom of sodium combines with an atom of chlorine one electron gets lost from the former and it changes to sodium ions. The same electron is accepted by the latter which changes into Cl- ions. Both the ions have the electronic configuration of the nearest noble gas elements and are regarded as stable configuration.

It is clear that carbon atom cannot take part in the formation of ionic bond since it is not easy for it to either loss or gain 4 electrons. There is an alternate path available. Instead of participating in the electron transfer, carbon atom can take part in the electron sharing. This process is known as the covalent bonding.

Answer 2

Covalent bonds are the bonds created by sharing of electrons between non metals.  

Which is the most common element that performs this kind of bonding ?

The answer is Carbon. Carbon is the element that performs most covalent  bonds.

Why is carbon able to form many covalent bonds easily ?

It has four valence electrons in its outermost shell. Carbon like any other element on earth will try to complete its outermost shell with electrons so in order to do this it has to either lose 4 electrons or gain 4 electrons. If it it will gain four electrons it will acquire four negative charges and become C-4 , and went it loses four electrons and become C+4. C-4 is very unstable.  As both these forms are very unstable and carbon requires much energy to complete it's octate and it can do this by sharing electrons with other atoms (forming covalent bonds). As a result carbon has unique capacity of forming chains and branches.

What are the characteristic properties of carbon ?

Catenation : The property of elements to form long chains or rings by self linking of their own atoms- through covalent bonds is called catenation. The extent of catenation depends upon the strength of the bonds between the atoms involved in catenation.

Tetravalency: Carbon has a valency of four so it is capable of bonding with four other atoms of carbon or atoms of some other mono-valent element.  Compounds of carbon are formed with oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, Sulphur, chlorine and many other elements giving rise to compounds with specific   properties which depend on the elements other than carbon present in the molecule.