H. Answer the following in detail.
1. Explain the different parts of a carpel.
2. Describe the special characteristics of flowers pollinated by insects.
3. Describe the process of fertilization with a well-labelled diagram.
4. What is a fruit? State its function.
5. What is germination? List the conditions necessary for germination.
6. Differentiate between epigeal and hypogeal germination.
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Q no. 1
Carpels have three main parts: The ovary containing the ovules, the style through which the pollen tubes grow, and the stigma on which the pollen grains germinate.
Q no. 2
Features of insect-pollinated flower: Flowers are brightly coloured, scented and secrete nectar. Pollen grains are larger, sticky and spiny. Pollen grains are fewer in number as they are transported mechanically by insects.
Q no. 3
In plants, pollination is followed by fertilization. Once the pollen grains are deposited on the stigma, it forms the pollen tube. ... The pollen tube normally enters the ovule through a small opening called micropyle. Inside the ovule, the pollen tube releases two male gametes into the embryo sac.
Q no. 4
As a plant organ and container of seed or seeds, the two primary functions of fruits are protection and seed dispersal. ... The fruit serves as a physical barrier between the seed or seeds and the external environment during seed development.
Q no. 5
All seeds need water, oxygen, and proper temperature in order to germinate. Some seeds require proper light also. Some germinate better in full light while others require darkness to germinate. When a seed is exposed to the proper conditions, water and oxygen are taken in through the seed coat.
Q no. 6
Epigeal germination is a type of germination whereby the seed leaves or the cotyledons are brought on to the surface or above the soil along with the shoot during germination. Hypogeal germination is a type of germination whereby the seed leaves or the cotyledons remain below the soil surface during germination.
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