H.W. Students will perform this activity in their society’s playground or any other playground on a bright sunny day Consider the following points: • Choose one pole on the ground that stays under the sun for the whole day. • Observe the directions in which the shadow of this pole falls at different times of the day. • Measure the shadows and record in your notebook the relative directions off the sun and the shadows. • Also mention at what times are the shadows longest during the day and at what time the shadows are the shortest.
Answers
1. Prepare materials for the activity.
Cut out 10 large yellow paper suns from construction paper. On white construction paper, write in large letters north, south, east, and west. Put the words east and west on the east and west walls of the classroom. You can download a compass app on a smartphone or tablet to ensure correct placement of these.
2. Find east and west by observing the sun in the morning and afternoon.
Tell students that they are going to observe where the sun is each morning and afternoon for five days. Take students outside first thing in the morning and at the end of the school day and have them observe where the sun is in the sky. While outside in the morning, as students identify the location of the sun, tell them that we call that direction east. Go into the classroom and have a student write the date and time of day on a sun cutout and put it next to where the word “east” is located.
Avoid saying that the sun is moving. It will probably appear to students that the sun is moving, not the Earth, but it is not age appropriate for students to try to conceptualize the movement of the Earth on its axis or around the sun yet. The goal is to have students understand that east is a certain direction and the sun always rises in the east in the morning.
Observe the sun again at end of the school day and ask students if it is in the same location as earlier in the morning. Identify that direction as west and have a student put the date and time of day on a sun cutout and place it next to the “west” sign.
3. Look for a pattern in the sun’s location in the morning and afternoon.
Track the sun's location in this way for five days and then ask students if they have noticed a pattern. Together write a sentence that explains what they have observed and what they would expect to see in the future.
4. Observe north and south, and label the classroom walls.
Next, ground students’ learning about north and south in the physical world with one or more of these ideas. Add the north and south labels to the classroom walls:
- Use a compass, or a compass app on a smartphone or tablet, to show north and south and reinforce east and west. Have students line up the E and W on the compass with east and west labeled on the wall. Ask them to point toward the N, and explain that this direction is north.
- In areas where there is snow, teach north and south by observing where snow melts faster: the south side of buildings (in the northern hemisphere).
- North and south can also be observed with wind patterns. Track the weather using the provided Weather Channel website, and look for opportunities to take the students outside when north or south winds are blowing.
5. Practice using cardinal directions.
Practice the directions in the room by having students face north first, then turn at right angles and point, naming the directions “north, south, east, and west” several times. You can help them remember N, S, E, and W by using a phrase such as “Never Eat Sour Watermelon,” or have them create a phrase they like.
Have students use cardinal directions to talk about movement also. Play Simon Says and have them take steps in different directions.
As a final game of practice, send a volunteer to the hall and hide an item so the class sees the hiding place. Have the volunteer come back in the room, and have students one at a time guide the volunteer to the hidden item, with phrases such as “walk 5 steps to the north,” “walk three steps to the south,” and so on.
6. Have students apply their understanding to a map.
Discuss with students why we use special words to tell directions. Elicit from students that they help us to explain to one another where things are. Direction words also help us to read maps.
Give each student the handout Map of Joe’s Farm. Have them orient their maps by placing them on their desks so that north, south, east, and west on the map match the directions labeled on the wall.
Discuss together where things are on the map of the farm. Ask: Is the pig pen closest to the north, south, east on the map? (east) One pig got away. On which side of the farm is that pig? (west) Have students write 3-4 sentences describing directions that animals and people might move on the farm. As needed, provide examples such as:
The cow walks _____ to get to the barn. (west)
The children walk _____ to the chickens. (south)
The pig walks _____ to go to the pig pen. (east)
The garden is _____ of the pigs. (north)
The _____ lives on the north side of the farm. (cow)
Have students continue to practice the directions of N, S, E, W by having them pas their papers in to the north, south, east, or west. You can also have them line up on the north side of the room, the west side of the room, and so on.
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