Hand lens, microscope etc., may be used for observing cells?
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Answer:
Studying cells (with the microscope)
Types of microscope
Light microsopes - also known as optical microscopes
We normally see any object as a result of rays of light reflected from it into our eyes.
When we bring an object in for closer examination, the reflected light rays come from a wider angle into the eye. This change in angle is the basis for increased magnification. At this stage, we are dealing with angular magnification.
beetle_on_leaf (37K)
A (glass or plastic) lens refracts (bends) rays of light. Depending on its curvature, and the distances involved, it will deflect a range of light rays and bring them together into focus at a particular point at the back of the eye. A magnifying glass (convex in shape) thus produces the effect of seeing a larger image of the object by taking in light rays from a wider angle.
The Simple Microscope
Hand-Lens-300x241 (23K)
A magnifying lens can also be called a simple microscope. Field biologists often use lenses of this sort to examine specimens in more detail than can be seen directly.
It is important to hold the lens near to your eye, and then bring the specimen towards you in order to focus.
Looking back through time
The animalcule (?) man
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van Leeuwenhoek's microscope
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) was a Dutch draper who used lenses to examine threads in fabrics.
He experimented with making his own lenses (but did not reveal all the details of his technique) and packaged them between metal plates, with screws to move specimens in front of the hole through which one could see them. In fact he made several hundred of these simple microscopes, and some are still on display today.
van Leeuwenhoek was able to see quite a few things no-one had seen before and some found his description of single-celled organisms controversial. He felt obliged to confirm his sightings and measurements so he invited local dignitaries (lawyers, church ministers, medics) to do so.
He examined microscopic life forms in water taken from local lakes, and in infusions made from peppercorns in water, and his description of dierkens [small animals] - translated into animalcules - inspired many others. At this time living organisms were not systematically classified as they are today. He described "eels" in his vinegar; these are now known as nematode worms. He also examined the anatomy of eels (the fish) and their blood. He looked at human blood and blood flow in capillaries, muscle fibres and other body parts as well as spermatozoa from animals. He is sometimes described as the father of microscopy, and bacteriology.
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Diagrams of bacteria from teeth scrapings
van Leeuwenhoek recorded his observations in (several hundred) letters - all in Dutch. He corresponded with the Royal Society in London, who translated and printed them, and he was elected to the Royal Society in February 1680. He also published, sometimes in Latin, in scientific journals on the continent.
He was often keen to count the numbers of organisms he found, and to compare their dimensions with other microscopic creatures, but not often using standard units of measurement.
A number of influential people visited him, including the Russian Tsar Peter the Great, William III of Orange and his wife, Mary II of England who co-ruled England, Scotland and Ireland.
Interestingly, there was an overlap in time between two microscopists, on either side of the English Channel ..
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microscope .........