Handwritten project of minimum 15 pages for class 9th
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INTRODUCTION
Education is a developmental process, which transforms learners. It brings about a change in
mental and physical behaviours of students. To bring about this change, teachers should introduce
their students to concepts, generalizations, issues and skills, which seem relevant to their lives.
Social Science is one of the subjects which brings students closer to one’s environment, society
and the intricate network of the life processes. It enables them to understand the process of social
change and the role that they can play towards this change.
With the onset of new millennium, many challenges have been thrown in the school education
system. With information explosion and widespread use of information technology, demands on
the education system to sensitize itself to changing societal needs and expectations have also
increased manifolds. In Social Science education particularly there has been a felt need to make its
learning interesting, motivating and participatory in nature.
Sensing the need of its schools the CBSE introduced internal evaluation in Social Science at
secondary stage w.e.f. academic session in 2004.
The internal evaluation of 20 marks for each of classes IX and X will have the following break up:
Part 1 Class tests, term tests, etc. - 10 marks
Part 2 Assignments - 5 marks
Part 3 Project work - 5 marks
Brief guidelines with respect to internal evaluation in Social Science at secondary stage have already
been sent to schools. A brief write up on part 1 on class tests, term tests and part 2 assignments
will also be sent to you shortly. The present guidelines pertain to part 3, project work.
Part 3 : PROJECT WORK
Need for introducing the project work in Social Science was also being felt for quite sometime.
Many schools had also expressed their desire to have projects in Social Science for enhancing
students’ understanding of different concepts, principles and generalizations inherent in the subject
and also introducing an alternative mode of teaching in class rooms with a purpose to defuse
teaching learning load among teachers and students. It is expected that by introducing projects,
learning will become more contextual, relevant, updated and centered on learning to be.
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Answer:
WHAT IS A DISASTER ?
A disaster is a destructive event that occurs suddenly and involves loss of life and property.
Disasters can be of two types, natural and man-made. It is a sudden accident or a natural catastrophe that causes great damage or loss of life.
TYPES OF DISASTERS
Disasters can be of two types, natural and man-made.
NATURAL DISASTERS
Earthquakes, volcanic activity, tsunamis, floods, cyclones, landslides, avalanches and droughts are natural disasters and man has no control over them. They are a result of natural activities and hence known as natural disasters .
MAN MADE DISASTERS
The man-made disasters are triggered by human beings. Some of the man-made disasters are: bomb explosions, terrorism, war or civil war, leakage of poisonous chemicals, breach in dams, air or water pollution, industrial accidents and epidemics. They are known as man made disasters because they occur due to human actions and not natural forces.
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EARTHQUAKES
An earthquake is a sudden tremor or movement of the earth’s crust, which usually originates at or below the surface. The outer layer of the earth is solid and is divided into many sections known as plates. The point of origin of the earthquake within the crust or mantle is called the seismic focus. Since the focus is often deep below the surface, the location of the earthquake is often referred to as the point on the surface of the earth, vertically above the seismic focus. This point is called the epicentre.
PROTECTION AGAINST EARTHQUAKES
The information about earthquakes and their intensity should be shared with the public through radio, television and newspapers
Construction of buildings based on earthquake-resistant techniques .
Construct buildings over pillars made of concrete and iron that are built deep in the ground
Water, ration, first-aid kits, radios, flash lights, battery, blankets, jackets and fire extinguishers should be stored in safe places.
If inside a building or a house, take cover under a solid surface like a table, or stand in the doorway
If one is outside, move to an open space away from trees, electric poles and buildings .
Switch off the gas and electric supply in the house during a quake and do not use elevators .
After the quake is over, the affected people should be given immediate medical help .
Transport and communication facilities should be restored as soon as possible .
FLOODS
A flood is an overflow of a large amount of water beyond its normal limits, especially over what is normally dry land.Flooding may occur as an overflow of water from water bodies, such as a river , lake, or ocean, in which the water overtops or breaks leeves , resulting in some of that water escaping its usual boundaries
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