Question

hapter-2 History

Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution

THE AGE OF SOCIAL CHANGE: The French Revolution opened up the possibility of creating a

dramatic change in the way in which society was structured. Not everyone in Europe, however,

wanted a complete transformation. Some were ‘conservatives’, while others were ‘liberals’ or

‘radicals’.

Liberals: Wanted a nation which tolerated all religions. They argued for an elected

parliamentary government, subject to laws interpreted by a well-trained judiciary that was

independent of rulers and officials. They were not democrats.

Radicals: Wanted a nation in which government was based on the majority of a country’s

population. They disliked concentration of property in hands of a few, not the existence of private

property.

Conservatives: They resisted change. After the revolution they started accepting change

provided it was slow and had links and respected the past.

Industries and Social Change: This was the time of economic and social change. Men, women

and children were pushed into factories for low wages, Liberals and radicals who were factory

owners felt that workers’ efforts must be encouraged.

Socialism in Europe: Socialists were against private property. They had different visions of the

future. Some believed in cooperatives, some demanded that governments must encourage

cooperatives.

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels added that industrial society was capitalist. Marx believed that a

socialist society would free the workers from capitalism. This would be a communist society.

Socialism Given Support: Workers in Germany and England began forming associations to fight

for better living conditions. They set up funds for members in distress, reduction of working

hours and right to vote.

THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION: In 1914, Nicholas II ruled the Russian empire.

Economy and Society: Most of the Russian population were agriculturalist. Industries were

being set up which was mostly private property of industrialists. Workers were divided into

groups but they did unite to strike work when they were dissatisfied. Peasants had no respect for

nobility, very unlike the French peasant. Russian peasants were the only peasant community

which pooled their land and their commune divided it.

Socialism in Russia: All political parties were illegal in Russia before 1914.

The Russian Socialist Democratic Labor Party was formed in 1900. It struggled to give peasants

their rights over land that belonged to nobles. As land was divided among peasants periodically

and it was felt that peasants and not workers would be the main source of the revolution. But

Lenin did not agree with this as he felt that peasants were not one social group. The party was
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Answer 1

Answer:

All about is that the depressed ones came together and opposed the rule with same ideology.

Answer 2

Answer:

The French revolution was a great historical event , not only for France, but also for the world.it inspired all other countries including India.

While the Russian revolution was of great importance too.

These revolutions inspired millions of people and gave women the right to vote.

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