harmful effect of gaseous waste
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The products will affect earth, buildings, water, and air. They consequently result in fog, smog, and global warming, which deteriorate vegetation, forests, and even human health. Human beings may be affected in the form of having asthma and even
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Gaseous Pollutants Effects On Health And Environment
Not only is carbon dioxide consumed in photosynthesis; it also may dissolve in the vast oceans. When carbon dioxide dissolves in the ocean, carbonic acid is produced at a very low concentration. The carbonic acid dissociates in part to bicarbonate and carbonate ions. These ions combine with calcium and magnesium from the natural weathering of rocks which have been carried into the ocean. The reaction of calcium ion with carbonate ion produces calcium carbonate. We know this relatively insoluble substance as limestone. Magnesium and calcium may jointly react with the carbonate ion to produce dolomite.
These precipitation reactions remove carbonate from the water and make room for more carbon dioxide to dissolve. Thus, there are two natural mechanisms for carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere: (1) solution in the ocean followed by precipitation and (2) the utilization of carbon dioxide by green plants in photosynthesis.
Carbon dioxide and monoxide from fossil fuels
Carbon dioxide is now being produced in massive quantities from the burning of fossil fuels especially in the countries which depend heavily on fossil fuels whether in running vehicles, power systems, or heating appliances. The complete oxidation of carbon produces the gas carbon dioxide. The greatest source of carbon monoxide in cities is the motor vehicle (Figure 4). In most cities, over 90% of the carbon monoxide in the air comes from the incomplete combustion of carbon in motor
The exhaust gases are mixed with a stream of air in the presence of a catalyst. Further oxidation of the remaining carbon monoxide occurs in this “catalytic converter.” The catalyst system appears at present to be the chosen method to reduce carbon monoxide emissions. Nevertheless, automanufacturers have studied the potential of the stratified charge and dual carburetor engine system. This system has been used in Honda cars and has achieved the required reduction.
There is another source of carbon monoxide to which people are exposed. Only smokers and their neighbors, however, have this special privilege. We can compare the individual who smokes moderately and lives in a clean environment with an individual who does not smoke and lives in a highly polluted environment. The smoker will absorb daily twice as much carbon monoxide as his nonsmoking counterpart.
Carbon monoxide and hemoglobin
Carbon monoxide competes with oxygen for the molecule that carries oxygen to the cells. For this reason, at high enough concentrations, it is a deadly poison. Hemoglobin, a complex protein present in the blood, transports oxygen from the lungs to the cells and carries carbon dioxide from the cells back to the lungs.
Sulfur dioxide
Natural gas, in contrast to coal and oil, is almost free of sulfur. From this standpoint, it is an environmentally useful fuel. Burning oil in electric generating plants is used to produce 65% of the sulfur oxides emitted. Other oil burning accounted for half of the remainder. Sulfur compounds also enter the air from the smelting and refining industries as well as from burning municipal wastes.
Sulfur oxidation to a corrosive mist
When oil is burned, the sulfur in the fuel is oxidized. Two compounds are formed: sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide. Less than 3% of the sulfur is oxidized to the trioxide form during the initial burning.
As an example, calcium oxide may react with sulfuric acid to produce calcium sulfate and water. Iron oxides may react in a similar fashion. The reactions are summarized in Figure 5. Metal sulfate particles plus sulfuric acid droplets usually account for between 5% and 20% of the particulate matter in urban
Effects on materials, plants, and people
Many materials may be attacked by the mists of sulfuric acid, among them carbonate building materials such as marble and mortar. Calcium sulfate, water, and carbon dioxide are produced in the reaction. Metals such as steel, copper, and aluminum are corroded; and common cloth fabrics are damaged as well.
Respiratory illnesses such as bronchitis are seen to increase with sulfur oxide levels. One study found the illness rate increasing in an area where the average annual concentration was only 100 micrograms per cubic meter.
The health effects of sulfur oxides and particles
Sulfur oxides and particles aggravate respiratory disease. When it was first recognized that contaminants which fouled the air could cause death, sulfur oxides and particles were present at the scene. We have long known that particles act as a focus upon which water vapor condenses. We now understand that sulfur dioxide will quickly dissolve in the water droplet producing a highly acid, highly corrosive mist. It is this sulfurous acid mist that is thought to be responsible for so much damage to life and health.
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