Question

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3.
What are key differences between old and new Institutionalist approach? Critically examine.
पुराने और नए संस्थागत दृष्टिकोण के बीच अंतर क्या है? आलोचनात्मक परीक्षण करें।
4.
Elucidate the difference between political party and party system? What are the challenges tha
party system facing today?
राजनीतिक पार्टी और पार्टी प्रणाली के बीच अंतर को स्पष्ट करे? आज पार्टी प्रणाली के सामने
प्रमुख चुनौतियां क्या है?
A
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Answer 1

Answer:

Explanation:

important, because, as entities, they form such a large part of the political landscape ... One difference between institutional arrangements, such as 'federalism' or 'competitive ... In political science, the critical difference between behaviourism and ... The rational choice approach borrows heavily from economics and adopts a ...

Answer 2

Old Institutionalism, an approach to the study of politics that focuses on formal institutions of government

New institutionalism, a social theory that focuses on developing a sociological view of institutions, the way they interact and the effects of institutions on society

Explanation:

• The analysis element of the old institutionalization is focused on different socio-political and economic bodies, while the fundamental meaning and emphasis of study for new institutionalism is the abstract ideas of the individual people and the entire body of citizenry as distinctive parts of the State institution.
• Old institutionalism is based on other human science methods such as law, history, sociology etc. for which it follows the "evolutionary approach" concerning about different types of formal institutions. By comparison, the new institutionalism relies on neoclassical economic approach where various theories such as the theory of games and approaches to equilibrium and optimisation prevail.
• The primary focus of the old institutionalism is on the citizens' mutual actions as members of a distinct body. This ignores the individual approaches to behaviour, which originated in the middle of the 20th century. In the old institutional process, changes in individual actions are often not taken into account. New institutionalist approaches, on the other hand, seek to carry out specific consideration of the different acts, choices and decisions as members of independent, democratic, economic and socio-cultural institutional mechanisms. Within the new institutionalism, a person's behavioral individuality is accepted and openly debated.
• Old institutionalism is inductive in nature and thus requires a rational reasoning that includes inferences from general principles of "individual collective actions". New institutionalism, whereas , aims at the "deductive reasoning" of individual & institutional behaviour based on logic, based on specific facts, to draw general conclusions.
• The key role of institutions in old institutionalism is to mold people's interest based on socio-political and economic conditions. The new institutionalism allows,, for the rights, freedoms and conditions of members in various institutions to be broader. Conditions for discovery, knowledge and institutional boundary limitation are critical for institutional decision-makers.
• The 19th and 20th decades saw the rise of old institutionalism with formal literature and social scientific works. Thorstein Veblen 's research gave rise to the conventional bureaucratic approach to the economy. Current institutionalism originated during the 21st century as a robust notion, but through the years it has its origins in the work of the Germany economist Max Weber.
• Old has been primarily influenced by the works of Thorstein Veblen, John Dewey,  & Wesley Mitchell, who were thinkers of the 19th & 20th century. New institutionalism was influenced by Gary Becker, Ronald Coase, John Buchanan, & Douglass North who established the idea that  institutions require to do much more than thrive economically, they require to form legitimacy in the institutions’ world

Political Party and Party System

• The idea of a party system is a comparative political science term related to system of govt by political parties in a democratic nation. The intention was to have clear similarities: they control the govt, have a stable mass popular support base, and establish internal mechanisms to control funding, nominations, & information
• Basically, a political party is a people's organization. Such citizens gather for contesting elections to retain the government's power. It is a means of mobilizing voters to support shared interests , concerns & goals. The political party's key function is to decide the national agenda and policies. Therefore, by arguing that their proposals are stronger than those of other parties, a party tries to convince voters.

The various challenges faced by party system are

1. Lack of Internal democracy: Every party leader has little chance to engage in the decision-making process. Before taking a decision, each Member is not consulted. There is no formal association or membership registration. Power remains in the hands of a few top leaders, who do not consult ordinary members. Some leaders have no knowledge about the party's internal workings
2. Dynastic Succession: All party positions go to their family members, with control retained by certain political officials. Such members may not be eligible to have the ability to hold office.
3. Money and Muscle Power: Money is needed for organizing marches, public meetings and seminars is required to publicize the party's portrait. Candidates who can collect funds for the party and win elections with their own funds will be preferred by parties. Parties may often help criminals as they can win elections.

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