Question

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What are colligative properties?
Explain the types also.

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Answer 1

$\textsf{\underline{\Large{Colligative Properties}}}$ :

Those properties which depend upon the number of solute particles ( molecules, atoms or ions ) but not upon their nature are called colligative properties.

$\textsf{\underline{\large{Types of Colligative Properties}}}$ :

These are of 4 types :

1 ). $\textsf{\underline{\large{Relative lowering of vapour pressure of solvent (R. L. V. P. )}}}$ : Addition of a non - volatile solute to a volatile solvent decreases the escaping tendency of the solvent molecules from the surface of the solution as some of the surface area is occupied by non- volatile solute particles.

⚫According to Raoult's law, R. L. V. P. is equal to the mole fraction of solute.

$\boxed{\mathsf{\chi{_B}\:=\:[{\dfrac{{P_A}^{\circ} \:- \:P_s} {{P_A}^{\circ}}]}}}$

$\mathsf{A\:=\:solvent}$

$\mathsf{A\:=\:solute}$

$\mathsf{\chi_B\:=\:Mole \:Fraction \:of\:Solute}$

$\mathsf{P^{\circ}_A - P_S\:=\:Lowering \:of \:vapour \:pressure}$

$\mathsf{\dfrac{P^{\circ}_A - P_S} {P^{\circ}}\:=\:Relative \:lowering\: of \:Vapour \:Pressure}$

$\boxed{\mathsf{\dfrac{P^{\circ}_A - P_S} {P^{\circ}}\:=\:{\dfrac{n_B} {n_A}}}}$

$\mathsf{n_A\:=\:Number \:of\: moles \:of\: solute }$

$\mathsf{n_B\:=\:Number \:of\: moles \:of\: solvent }$

$\boxed{\mathsf{\dfrac{P^{\circ}_A - P_S} {P^{\circ}}\:=\:{\dfrac{w_B. M_A} {M_B. w_A}}}}$

For Molar Mass of solute only.

2 ). $\textsf{\underline{\large{Elevation of Boiling Point}}}$, $\mathsf{\Delta{T_b}}$ :

Difference in boiling point of solution and that of pure solvent is called elevation of boiling point.

$\mathsf{\Delta{T_b}\:=\:{T_b} ^{s} \:-\:{T_b} ^{\circ}}$

$\boxed{\mathsf{\Delta{T_b}\:=\:K_b\:m}}$

$\mathsf{K_b\:=\:It \:is\: a \:constant \:known \:as \:Molal\:Elevation\:Constant}$

$\textsf{Or Ebullioscopic Constant}$

3 ). $\textsf{\underline{\large{Depression of Freezing Point}}}$, $\mathsf{\Delta{T_f}}$ :

The difference in the freezing point of pure solvent and that of solution is known as depression of freezing point.

$\mathsf{\Delta{T_f}\:=\:{T_f} ^{\circ} \:-\:{T_f} ^{s}}$

$\boxed{\mathsf{\Delta{T_f}\:=\:K_f\:m}}$

$\mathsf{K_f\:=\:It \:is\: a \:constant \:known \:as \:Molal\:Depression\:Constant}$

$\textsf{Or Cryoscopic Constant}$

4 ). $\textsf{\underline{\large{Osmotic Pressure}}}$, $\mathsf{\pi}$ :

Osmotic pressure of a solution is the excess pressure that must be applied to a solution to prevent osmosis. i.e. to stop the passage of solvent molecules into solution through Semi Permeable Membrane ( S. P. M.).

$\boxed{\mathsf{\pi{\:=\:CRT}}}$

$\boxed{\mathsf{\pi{\:=\:{\dfrac{w_2{\times{R{\times{T}}}}}{M_2{\times{V}}}}}}}$

$\mathsf{C\:=\:Molar\:Concentration}$

$\mathsf{R\:=\:Gas\:Constant\:or\:Solution\:Constant}$

$\mathsf{R\:=\:0.0821\:l\:atm\:{K}^{-1}{mol}^{-1}}$

$\mathsf{R\:=\:0.083\:{dm}^{3}\:bar\:{K}^{-1}{mol}^{-1}}$

Answer 2

heya marshmallow

the property which depends upon number of solute particles but not upon their nature is known as colligative property...

Types are given below::

1. relative lowering of vapour press

2. elevation of boiling point

3. depression of freezing point

4. Osmotic pressure


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