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Can anyone send me notes of chapter ecosystem in biology??
Answers
Answer:
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Explanation:
Ecosystem is a biological community where the living and non-living components interact with each other and their physical environment. It is the functional unit of nature and varies greatly in size. Let us have a look at the structure, function and components of ecosystem.
Note: As per the revised CBSE curriculum, this chapter has been removed from the syllabus for the 2020-21 academic session.
Structure of Ecosystem
The structure of ecosystem comprises two different components:
Biotic
Abiotic
Structure of Ecosystem
Biotic Components
Biotic Components are the living components involved in shaping the ecosystem. It includes biotic factors such as:
Producers: All green plant in the ecosystem are termed as the producers, as they produce their own food by making use of solar energy. All living organisms are dependent on plants for both oxygen and food.
Consumers: They include both primary consumers and secondary consumers. As animals depend on plants for their food, they are called consumers. Primary consumers feed directly of Producers for their food and the secondary consumers feed on the primary consumers for their food. All herbivores animals are an example of Primary consumers. Carnivores and apex predators make up the secondary and tertiary consumers.
Decomposers: They are the saprophytes which include fungi and bacteria. Decomposers convert the dead matter into nitrogen and carbon dioxide and the process is called decomposition.
Energy Flow: Energy flow is the flow of energy along the food chain, through different trophic levels. Energy is passed from the producers to the decomposers through various trophic levels.
Abiotic Components
Abiotic components include inorganic materials like air, water, and soil.
Also Read: What is Ecosystem
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Ecosystem Types
There are three main types of ecosystem:
Terrestrial Ecosystem
These are the ecosystem found only on land. The terrestrial ecosystems include:
Forest ecosystem
Grassland ecosystem
Desert ecosystem
Mountain ecosystem
Aquatic Ecosystem
The aquatic ecosystem is the ecosystem in the water body. It includes:
Freshwater Ecosystem
The freshwater ecosystem can be divided into the following categories:
Lentic: This includes slow-moving or still water such as lakes, ponds, pools, etc.
Lotic: This includes fast-moving water bodies such as rivers and streams.
Wetlands: These include the environment where soil is saturated with water for a certain time period.
Oceanic Ecosystem
The ocean ecosystem is the largest ecosystem. It covers about 71% of the total earth’s surface. This is also known as the marine ecosystem and is divided into deep water, shallow water and deep ocean surface. A large variety of corals, echinoderms, brown algae, cephalopods and dinoflagellates are found here.
Ecological Pyramids
An ecological pyramid is the graphical representation of the relationship between different organisms. Each bar of the pyramid represents a different trophic level. The different types of ecological pyramids include:
Pyramid of Numbers
This represents the number of organisms in each trophic level, irrespective of their size.
Pyramid of Biomass
This represents the total mass of organisms at each trophic level.
Pyramid of Productivity
It is the total amount of energy present at each trophic level and the total energy lost between each trophic level.
Ecological Succession
Ecological succession refers to the change in the structure of species of an ecological community over time. These are of two types:
Primary Succession
This is a type of succession in which plants and animals first colonize a barren piece of land.
Secondary Succession
This is the type of succession in which an ecosystem that is destroyed, revives itself.
Function of Ecosystem
The level of organisms regulates the flow of energy.
The autotrophs are the producers that produce energy which is transferred through various trophic levels.
The minerals of the biosphere are cycled through the biosphere.
It supports life systems and provides stability