Heredity and hereditary changes
You know that heredity is the transfer of biological characters from one generation to
another via genes [Johann Gregor Mendel is pioneer of the modern genetics Around the period
of 1886, it took a long time for him to understand the conclusions of his research about
heredity. In 1901, the reasons behind the sudden changes were understood due to the mutational
theory of Hugo de Vries. Meanwhile in 1902, Walter and Sutton observed the paired
chromosomes in the cells of grasshopper, until then it was not known to anyone. Research
started in the direction of finding the nature of genetic material when it was proved that genes
are carried via chromosomes. Through which 1944, trio of scientists Ostwald Avery, Mclyn
McCarthy and Colin MacLeod proved that except viruses, all living organisms have DNA as
genetic material,
In 1961, the French geneticists Francois Jacob and Jack Monad proposed a model for
process of protein synthesis with the help of DNA in bacterial cells. It helped to uncover the
genetic codes hidden in DNA. Thereby, the technique of recombinant DNA technology
emerged which has vast scope in the field of genetic engineering.
The science of heredity is useful for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of hereditary
disorders, production of hybrid varieties of animals and plants and in industrial processes in
which microbes are used. flow chat
Answers
Answer:
The history of genetics dates from the classical era with contributions by Pythagoras, Hippocrates, Aristotle, Epicurus, and others. Modern genetics began with the work of the Augustinian friar Gregor Johann Mendel. His work on pea plants, published in 1866, established the theory of Mendelian inheritance.
The year 1900 marked the "rediscovery of Mendel" by Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns and Erich von Tschermak, and by 1915 the basic principles of Mendelian genetics had been studied in a wide variety of organisms — most notably the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Led by Thomas Hunt Morgan and his fellow "drosophilists", geneticists developed the Mendelian model, which was widely accepted by 1925. Alongside experimental work, mathematicians developed the statistical framework of population genetics, bringing genetic explanations into the study of evolution.
With the basic patterns of genetic inheritance established, many biologists turned to investigations of the physical nature of the gene. In the 1940s and early 1950s, experiments pointed to DNA as the portion of chromosomes (and perhaps other nucleoproteins) that held genes. A focus on new model organisms such as viruses and bacteria, along with the discovery of the double helical structure of DNA in 1953, marked the transition to the era of molecular genetics.
In the following years, chemists developed techniques for sequencing both nucleic acids and proteins, while many others worked out the relationship between these two forms of biological molecules and discovered the genetic code. The regulation of gene expression became a central issue in the 1960s; by the 1970s gene expression could be controlled and manipulated through genetic engineering. In the last decades of the 20th century, many biologists focused on large-scale genetics projects, such as sequencing entire genomes.
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