Question

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⭐️ Explain characteristics of viruses. ⭐️[Atleast 5 points].

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Answer 1

1) Virus, as everyone says, is a nucleoprotein entity (originally said by Bawden and Pirie in 1936) is capable of multiplication by taking over a cellular or biosynthetic machinery of the host cell as, or cannot multiply over the artificial medium (needs a living host cell) without involving actual growth and division.
2) Multiplication involves the synthesis of the parts followed by their assembly including th collection and production of viral state or virus particles thus, creating multiple copies of itself and taking over the hosts machinery and its functions for its own functional living.
3) Viral diseases have been known since their pre-historic times, such as, small pox, polio, broken tulip was a viral disease. It was once a rage in the Europe. The disease nicety was also found to be transferable from one variety to the another one (given by virologist, Carolus Causius in 1576).
4) Depending upon the host cell, viruses are called bacteriophages (virus consisting of infecting bacterium), coliphages (bacteriophages of Escherichia coli), cyanophages (infective blue-green algaes), phycophages (infecting algae species), zymophages (mycophages over yeast), mycophages (infecting the fungi), phytophages (plant viruses) and zoophages (are animal viruse).
5) Talking, Structurally, viruses consists of the envelope, capsid, nucleoid (naked DNA without histones) and occasionally an enzyme. Protoplasm is completely absent. Making virus a free floating entity outside the environment.
6) There is no biosynthetic machinery of a virus to perform respiratory processes and to produce any respiratory, digestive, neural, etc. Substrate or enzyme for this entity. So, because of this, the virus cannot liberate energy as, there is no energy storing or even a proper utilising machinery.
7) Motiltiy or the ability to be motile and irritability or to feel the stimuli are completely absent.
8) Metabolic machinery of the host cell is utlilised for synthesis and assembly of the viral components or particles. Viral particles are inert or non-living outside the hosts cell or in the open environment. In a cell free environment the virus is called as a virion.

Answer 2

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⭐️ Explain characteristics of viruses.

                       

                                                                   

$\boxed{\underline{\bold{Virus:}}}$

They do not have their own cellular machinery , hence they are dependent on the host cell for replication.

$\underline{\tt{Structure;}}$

• A virus particle , also known as a virion , is essentially a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein shell or coat.
• Viruses are extremely small , approximately 15 - 25 nano meters in diameter.

$\underline{\tt{General\:Material;}}$

• Viruses may have double standard DNA , double standard RNA , single standard DNA or single standard RNA.
• The type of genetic material found in a particular virus depends on the nature and function of the specific virus.
• The genetic material is not typically exposed but covered by a protein coat.
• The viral genome can consist of a very small number of genes or up to hundreds of genes depending on the type of the virus.
• The genome is typically organised as a long molecules that is usually straight or circular.

$\underline{\tt{Capsids:}}$

• The protein coat that envelopes viral genetic material is know as capsid.
• A capsid is composed of protein sub units called capsomeres. Capsids can have several shapes : polyhedral , rod , complex. Capsids function to protect the viral genetic material from damage.