Question

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Answer 1

Europe in the 18th Century. In Europe, the eighteenth century was a period of intellectual, social, and political ferment. This time is often referred to as the Age of Enlightenment, for it was in the 18th century that the ideas of the previous 100 years were implemented on a broad scale.

Answer 2

• The political conditions of Europe as follows : (i) The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in population all over Europe.

(ii) In most countries, there were more job seekers than employment. Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums.

(iii) Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine made goods from England, where industrialisation was more advanced than on the continent.

(iv) In these regions of Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations.

(v) The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and country.

• I) A belief in the absolute value of human personality and spiritual equality of the individual;

II) A belief in the autonomy of the individual will;

III) A belief in the essential rationality and goodness of man;