Question

hey friends i am from uttarakhand❤
plzz answer my question...
how was penicillin discovered?
class 11​

Answer 1

Answer:

Sir Alexander Fleming, a Scottish researcher, is credited with the discovery of penicillin in 1928. At the time, Fleming was experimenting with the influenza virus in the Laboratory of the Inoculation Department at St. Mary’s Hospital in London.

Often described as a careless lab technician, Fleming returned from a two-week vacation to find that a mold had developed on an accidentally contaminated staphylococcus culture plate. Upon examination of the mold, he noticed that the culture prevented the growth of staphylococci.

An article published by Fleming in the British Journal of Experimental Pathology in 1929 reads, “The staphylococcus colonies became transparent and were obviously undergoing lysis … the broth in which the mold had been grown at room temperature for one to two weeks had acquired marked inhibitory, bactericidal and bacteriolytic properties to many of the more common pathogenic bacteria.”

Fleming described the colony as a “fluffy white mass which rapidly increases in size and after a few days sporulates” and changes color from dark green to black to bright yellow.

Though Fleming stopped studying penicillin in 1931, his research was continued and finished by Howard Flory and Ernst Chain, researchers at University of Oxford who are credited with the development of penicillin for use as a medicine in mice.

Explanation:

◉LET'S EXPLORE MORE

✯What are penicillin antibiotics?

Penicillins are antibiotics used to treat bacterial infections that are derived from the antibiotic penicillin.

✯What are the uses for penicillin antibiotics?

Today, many derivatives of penicillin have been developed that inhibit more types of bacteria than the original life-saving drug. Penicillin itself is active against

• streptococci (including Streptococcus pneumoniae),
• Listeria, Neisseria gonorrhoeae,
• Clostridium,
• Peptococcus, and
• Peptostreptococcus.
• However, most staphylococci now are resistant to penicillin.

Other penicillin antibiotics are effective against

• H. influenzae,
• E. coli, pneumococci,
• certain strains of staphylococci,
• Salmonella,
• Shigella,
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and

many other types of bacteria.

Penicillin antibiotics are used to treat many types of infections caused by susceptible bacteria. They are used to treat infections of the middle ear, sinuses, stomach and intestines, bladder, and kidney. They also are used for treating

• pneumonia,
• blood infections (sepsis),
• uncomplicated gonorrhea,
• meningitis,
• endocarditis, and
• other serious infections.

✯What are examples of penicillin antibiotics

• penicillin V
• penicillin G (Pfizerpen, Permapen)
• amoxicillin (Amoxil)
• amoxicillin/clavulonate (Augmentin)
• ampicillin (Unasyn)
• nafcillin (Nallpen)

• oxacillin (Bactocill)
• dicloxacillin (Dycill, Dynapen are discontinued brands in the US; generic is available)
• cloxacillin (discontinued in the US)
• piperacillin (Pipracil)
• piperacillin/tazobactam (Zosyn)

✯What are the side effects of penicillin antibiotics?

Side effects of penicillin antibiotics include

• diarrhea,
• dizziness,
• heartburn,
• insomnia,
• nausea,
• itching,
• vomiting,
• confusion,
• abdominal pain,
• easy bruising,
• bleeding,
• rash, and
• allergic reactions

◉FURTHER LEARNING

✯What are Antibiotics?

Antibiotics are antimicrobial drugs obtained from other organisms (such as moulds, fungus and some soil bacteria) to combat harmful microorganisms. However, they are not very useful against certain microbes such as viruses.

Antibiotics are produced on a large scale by the fermentation process. This is a chemical process which is induced by the microorganisms in a large tank. A large tank contains the growth medium that provides nutrition for the microorganism’s growth. Optimization of temperature, pH levels, oxygen and nutrient parameter in the fermentation tank is very crucial to produce antibiotics. After the completion of antibiotics production, they are extracted and purified through multiple physical processes. Finally, the purified antibiotics are converted into crystal form.

✯Uses of Antibiotics

Today, the name antibiotic is synonymous for drugs that kill bacteria. And because of this, mortality rates have reduced and lifespan has increased.

These microbial infections can wipe out an entire population of organisms and that can adversely affect the ecosystem. For instance, anthrax is a disease that infects livestock and can spread to humans, which is often fatal unless it is treated.

Today, two types of antimicrobial therapies are available:

• Microbicidal therapy – It is used to kill the microorganisms.
• Microbiostatic therapy – It is used to prevent microorganism growth.

✯Types of Penicillin

There are different types of penicillin, which are grouped based on their effectiveness.

• Penicillin VK and Penicillin G are natural Penicillin

• Penicillin VK – It is used to fight against bacterial infections. Example: Ear infection.
• Penicillin G – More effective against gram-positive and gram-negative cocci bacterial infections. Example: susceptible bacterial infections in the stomach.

Answer 2

Hello Sakshi

Can we talk?

I'm in 12th.

insta id justice_must_be_served_for_ssr

if you want then only