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Diffrentiate between Mahalwari and Ryotwari system.
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Answers
Zamindari System was introduced by Cornwallis in 1793 through Permanent Settlement Act.It was introduced in provinces of Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Varanasi.Also known as Permanent Settlement System.Zamindars were recognized as owner of the lands. Zamindars were given the rights to collect the rent from the peasants.The realized amount would be divided into 11 parts. 1/11 of the share belongs to Zamindars and 10/11 of the share belongs to East India Company.
Ryotwari System
Ryotwari System was introduced by Thomas Munro in 1820.Major areas of introduction include Madras, Bombay, parts of Assam and Coorgh provinces of British India.In Ryotwari System the ownership rights were handed over to the peasants. British Government collected taxes directly from the peasants.The revenue rates of Ryotwari System were 50% where the lands were dry and 60% in irrigated land.
Mahalwari System
Mahalwari system was introduced in 1833 during the period of William Bentick.It was introduced in Central Province, North-West Frontier, Agra, Punjab, Gangetic Valley, etc of British India.The Mahalwari system had many provisions of both the Zamindari System and Ryotwari System.In this system, the land was divided into Mahals. Each Mahal comprises one or more villages.Ownership rights were vested with the peasants.The villages committee was held responsible for collection of the taxes.
Land Reforms in India After Independence
Zamindari Abolition Act was passed by UP, Tamil Nadu, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, etc. Surplus lands were confiscated from zamindars. Later Land Ceilings Act was passed by different states, fixing an upper limit for private land holdings of a family.
Sources: India’s Struggle For Independence by Bipan Chandra
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Jyothi Vallapaneni, works at Hyderabad, India
Updated Nov 8, 2017
Zamindhari-- zamindhar is the owner of the land ,he is the collector of taxes,maintenance of law and order.peasent position have changed to position of tenent ,lost the ownership right,have to pay tax in time otherwise property will be confiscated.the only duty of Britishers is to take 10/11 parts of the total tax collected.
Ryotwari--here peasent is the owner of land.British will appoint officers who will collect taxes.here there is no middle men between farmer and britishers.but money lenders entered into the scene and tortured the peasants with heavy interests.
Mahalwari system--maha means estates.village heads will collect taxes.peasants are the owners of land.head of villege will give taxes collected to Britishers.money lenders were also present.same as in zamindhari system we have a middle men i.e,villege headmen,as in ryotwari system we have money lender in mahalwari system.
The differences are
1.ZAMINDHARI-MIDDLEMEN I.E.,ZAMINDHARS WHI EXPLOIT FARMERS
IN RYOT WARI NO MIDDLE MEN BUT FARMERS EXPLOITED BY MONEY LENDERS
IN MAHALWARI SYSTEM FARMERS EXPLAOITED BY BOTH MIDDLE MEN AND MONEY LENDERS
2.ZAMINDHARI-FARMERS NOT OWNERS OF LAND
IN RYOTWARI AND MAHALWARI-FARMERS ARE OWNERS OF LAND
3.ZAMINDHARI-BRITISHERS GET FIXED MONEY
IN RYOTWARI AND MAHALWARI-BRITISHERS CAN INCREASE THE AMOUNT OF TAX COLLECTED,DURING WAR,HIGH PRODUCTION ETC
4.ZAMINDHARI-BRITISH NO NEED TO APPOINT OFFICERS FOR TAX COLLECTION
RYOTWARI-BRITISH NEEDS TO APPOINT OFFICER
MAHALWARI-BRITISH ASKS VILLAGE HEAD MEN TO COLLECT TAXES
5.ZAMINDHARI IS IMPLEMENTED IN BENGAL,BIHAR,ORISSA,VARANASI
RYOTWARI IS IMPLEMENTED IN ASAAM,BOMBAY,COORG
MAHALWARI IS IMPLEMENTED IN AGRA,NORTH WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE ETC
SO ALL OVER INDIA WAS COMPLETELY DRAINED AWAY BY BRITISH THROUGH THESE LAND REVENIE SYSTEMS
Answer:
Zamindari System
Zamindari System was introduced by Cornwallis in 1793 through Permanent Settlement Act.It was introduced in provinces of Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Varanasi.Also known as Permanent Settlement System.Zamindars were recognized as owner of the lands. Zamindars were given the rights to collect the rent from the peasants.The realized amount would be divided into 11 parts. 1/11 of the share belongs to Zamindars and 10/11 of the share belongs to East India Company.
Ryotwari System
Ryotwari System was introduced by Thomas Munro in 1820.Major areas of introduction include Madras, Bombay, parts of Assam and Coorgh provinces of British India.In Ryotwari System the ownership rights were handed over to the peasants. British Government collected taxes directly from the peasants.The revenue rates of Ryotwari System were 50% where the lands were dry and 60% in irrigated land.
Mahalwari System
Mahalwari system was introduced in 1833 during the period of William Bentick.It was introduced in Central Province, North-West Frontier, Agra, Punjab, Gangetic Valley, etc of British India.The Mahalwari system had many provisions of both the Zamindari System and Ryotwari System.In this system, the land was divided into Mahals. Each Mahal comprises one or more villages.Ownership rights were vested with the peasants.The villages committee was held responsible for collection of the taxes.
Land Reforms in India After Independence
Zamindari Abolition Act was passed by UP, Tamil Nadu, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, etc. Surplus lands were confiscated from zamindars. Later Land Ceilings Act was passed by different states, fixing an upper limit for private land holdings of a family.
Explanation: