Hey guys please answer both the questions......
Answers
Answer & Explanation:
1.
Chandrayaan-1 was India's first mission to the moon. It operated for almost a year (between October 2008 and August 2009). The lunar orbiter is best known for helping to discover evidence of water molecules on the moon.
The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) is developing a successor mission called Chandrayaan-2, which is expected to launch to the moon in 2018.
History:
The name Chandrayaan means "Moon Craft" in ancient Sanskrit, according to NASA. The Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft was based on an Indian meteorological satellite called Kalpansat. It was about the size of a refrigerator, with a dry weight (weight without fuel) of about 525 kilograms (1,160 lbs.) and was powered by a solar array that charged lithium-ion batteries on board.
Chandrayaan-1 launched on Oct. 22, 2008, from the Satish Dhawan Space Center in Sriharikota, India, aboard a Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle rocket, according to NASA. It reached the moon on Nov. 8, 2008. The spacecraft released its Moon Impact Probe on Nov. 14, which crashed into the moon on the same day.
The spacecraft initially performed its work from a mapping orbit at an altitude of 100 kilometers (62 miles), ISRO said. In May 2009, controllers raised the orbit to 200 km (124 miles). Chandrayaan-1 made 3,400 orbits of the moon and continued transmitting data until Aug. 29, 2009, when controllers permanently lost communication with the spacecraft.
Mangalyaan
India made history on September 24, 2014. Indians had a lot to rejoice when Mangalyaan began orbiting the red planet. Also known as Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), it became the first successful Mars mission from Asia. At $71–74 million, it is the most cost-effective mission to Mars.
Improvising on the existing technologies of the Chandrayaan-1, Mangalyaan was an ambitious mission. But the combined effort of the best scientists in India resulted in achieving the goal.
Spacecraft:
ISRO wanted the Spacecraft to be efficient in all aspects. It was miniaturised to be able to send such far distance. It weighed 1,337.2 kg during lift off. This included 852 kg of propellant. Composite fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) and aluminium constituted the construction of the spacecraft. It was like Chandrayaan-1 with several upgrades necessary for a mission to Mars.
It generated 840 watts of power using three solar panels. A lithium-ion battery stored this power. The battery provides power when the Spacecraft is in an eclipse while entering the orbit of Mars. The engine used liquid fuel and generated a thrust of 440 newtons.
Scientists from the past used the instruments available to them to explore the stars and planetary movements. They found it could help in navigation. A concept used by early explorers, too. MOM used the same technique by using the star sensors and gyroscopes to keep it on the track of Mars.
The Spacecraft was designed, developed, and tested in Bangalore. It used State of the art technology for the development. The cameras and scientific instruments were developed in Ahmedabad. These colour cameras and scientific instruments were to study the surface and atmosphere of Mars. The Satellite Application Centre at Ahmedabad also had the duty to make the spacecraft energy efficient and lightweight.
2.
The GPS (Global Positioning System) is a "constellation" of approximately 30 well-spaced satellites that orbit the Earth and make it possible for people with ground receivers to pinpoint their geographic location. The location accuracy is anywhere from 100 to 10 meters for most equipment.
They can be used to map forests, help farmers harvest their fields, and navigate airplanes on the ground or in the air. GPS systems are used in military applications and by emergency crews to locate people in need of assistance. GPS technologies are often working in many areas that we do not normally consider.
The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally NAVSTAR GPS, is a satellite-based radionavigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United States Space Force. It is one of the global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) that provides geolocation and time information to a GPS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. Obstacles such as mountains and buildings block the relatively weak GPS signals.
The GPS (Global Positioning System) is a "constellation" of approximately 30 well-spaced satellites that orbit the Earth and make it possible for people with ground receivers to pinpoint their geographic location. The location accuracy is anywhere from 100 to 10 meters for most equipment.
They can be used to map forests, help farmers harvest their fields, and navigate airplanes on the ground or in the air. GPS systems are used in military applications and by emergency crews to locate people in need of assistance. GPS technologies are often working in many areas that we do not normally consider.
Chandrayaan-1 was India's first mission to the moon. It operated for almost a year (between October 2008 and August 2009). The lunar orbiter is best known for helping to discover evidence of water molecules on the moon.
The mission had the following stated objectives:
to design, develop, launch and orbit a spacecraft around the Moon using an Indian-made launch-vehicle
to conduct scientific experiments using instruments on the spacecraft which would yield data:
for the preparation of a three-dimensional atlas (with high spatial and altitude resolution of 5–10 m or 16–33 ft) of both the near and far sides of the Moon
for chemical and mineralogical mapping of the entire lunar surface at high spatial resolution, mapping particularly the chemical elements magnesium, aluminium, silicon, calcium, iron, titanium, radon, uranium, and thorium
to increase scientific knowledge
to test the impact of a sub-satellite (Moon Impact Probe – MIP) on the surface of the Moon as a fore-runner for future soft-landing missions
In order to reach its objective, the mission defined these goals:
High-resolution mineralogical and chemical imaging of the permanently shadowed north- and south-polar regions
Searching for surface or sub-surface lunar water-ice, especially at the lunar poles
Identification of chemicals in lunar highland rocks
Chemical stratigraphy of the lunar crust by remote sensing of the central uplands of large lunar craters, and of the South Pole Aitken Region (SPAR), an expected site of interior material
Mapping the height variation of features of the lunar surface
Observation of X-ray spectrum greater than 10 keV and stereographic coverage of most of the Moon's surface with 5 m (16 ft) resolution
Mangalyaan
India made history on September 24, 2014. Indians had a lot to rejoice when Mangalyaan began orbiting the red planet. Also known as Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), it became the first successful Mars mission from Asia. At $71–74 million, it is the most cost-effective mission to Mars.
Improvising on the existing technologies of the Chandrayaan-1, Mangalyaan was an ambitious mission. But the combined effort of the best scientists in India resulted in achieving the goal.