hey guys whatsupp!!! . . . . . please give me notes for human health and diseases class 12 isc
Answers
Explanation:
Types of Diseases
The diseases may be broadly classified into two types: Congenital and acquired.
(i) Congenital Diseases: These are anatomical or physiological abnormalities present from birth. They may be caused by (i) a single gene mutation (alkaptonuria, phenylketonuria, albinism, sickle-cell anaemia, haemophilia, colour blindness); (ii) chromosomal aberrations (Down’s syndrome, Klinefelter’s syndrome, Turner’s syndrome); or (iii) environmental factors (cleft palate, harelip). Unlike the gene-and chromosome-induced congenital defects, environmentally caused abnormalities are not transmitted to the children.
(ii) Acquired Diseases: These diseases develop after birth. They are further of two types: communicable and non-communicable.
(a) Communicable (Infectious) Diseases: These diseases are caused by viruses, rickettsias, bacteria, fungi, protozoans and worms.
(b) Noncommunicable (Noninfectious) Diseases: These diseases remain confined to the person who develops them and do not spread to others. The non-communicable diseases are of four kinds –
(1) Organic or Degenerative Diseases: These diseases are due to malfunctioning of some of the important organs, e.g, heart diseases, epilepsy. Heart diseases result from the abnormal working of some part of this vital organ. Epilepsy may result from abnormal pressure on regions of the brain.
(2) Deficiency Diseases : These diseases are produced by deficiency of nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and hormones, e.g., kwashiorkor, beriberi, goitre, diabetes are just a few from a long list.
(3) Allergies: These diseases are caused when the body, which has become hypersensitive to certain foreign substance, comes in contact with that substance. Hay fever is an allergic disease.
(4) Cancer: This is caused by a uncontrolled growth of certain tissues in the body
Answer:
The state of complete physical, mental and social well beings is called health. Health simply does not simply means disease-free condition or physical fitness. Health is affected by-
a. Genetic disorders – the defect which child inherits from it parents.
b. Infection from microbes or other organisms.
c. Lifestyle- includes food and water we take, exercise and rest.
Good health can be maintained by
Balanced diet.
Personal hygiene
Regular exercise
Awareness about the disease and their effect
Immunization against the infectious disease
Proper disposal of wastage
Control of vectors
Maintenance of hygienic food and water.
Disease – Diseases can be broadly grouped into infectious and non-infectious.
a) Infectious disease -Diseases which are easily transmitted from one person to another, are called infectious diseases e.g AIDS, common cold, malaria, tuberculosis etc
b) Non-infectious disease – Diseases which cannot transmitted from one person to another, are called non- infectious diseases e.g cancer, hypertension, diabetes etc.
Common Diseases in Humans:
The disease-causing microorganisms like bacteria, virus, fungus, protozoa, helminthes are called pathogen.
The pathogen can enter the body by various means and multiply and interfere with normal vital activities resulting in morphological and functional damage.
Name of disease /test Causal organisms Symptoms Effects
Typhoid / Widal test Salmonella typhi Sustained high fever, weakness, stomach pain,
Pneumonia Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae Fever, chills, cough and headache. Alveoli get filled with fluid leading to severe problems in respiration.
Common cold Rhino viruses Nasal congestion and discharge, sore throat, cough and headache. Infect the nose and respiratory passage.
Malaria Plasmodium (P. vivax, P. malaria and P. falciparum) The chill and high fever recurring 3 to 4 days. Parasite multiply within lever cells and then attack the RBCs.
Amoebiasis or Amoebic dysentery Entamoeba histolytica Constipation, abdominal pain, cramps, stool with mucous and blood clot. Infect the large intestine.
Ascariasis Ascaris (Helminthes) Internal bleeding, muscular pain, fever, anemia etc. Healthy person get infected through water, vegetable etc.
Elephantiasis or filariasis Wuchereria (W. bancrofti and W. malayi) Inflammation in the lower limb and genital organs. Lymphatic vessels of lower limbs get blocked.
Ring worms Microsporum,
Trichophyton and Epidermophyton Appearance of dry, scaly lesions on various part of body. Infects the skin, nail and scalp.
Life cycle of plasmodium : Plasmodium enters the human body as small sporozoites through the bite of infected female anopheles mosquito and multiplies within the lever cells. Later attacks the RBCs resulting the rapture with release of toxic substance, haemozoin, which is responsible for high fever and chill recurring every three to four days.
Malarial parasite requires two hosts, human and anopheles mosquito to complete their life cycle. Female anopheles is vector of this disease to human beings.
Immunity – the ability of host cells to fight the disease causing microorganism due to immune system is called immunity. There are two types of immunity-
Innate immunity – non-specific types of defence presents at the time of birth and provide different kinds of barriers to the entry of foreign agents into the body. it consists of four types of barrier-
a. Physical barrier- skin, mucus coating of epithelium lining the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urogenital tract.
b. Physiological barrier- acid in stomach and saliva in mouth.
c. Cellular barrier- leucocytes, neutrophils, monocytes.
d. Cytokine barriers- virus infected cells secretes protein called interferon.
No Innate Immunity Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity
1 Present from birth itself Develops during life time
2 The immunity remains throughout life. Can be short lived or lifelong.
3 Contact or exposure with pathogen or its antigen is not essential. Contact with pathogen or its antigen is essential.
4 Innate immunity is inheritable. Acquired immunity cannot be passed to the next generation except for a brief period to neonates.
5 It protects the individuals from contraction of diseases of other organisms. It protects the individuals from pathogens present on other members of the same species.
Acquired Immunity- pathogen specific defence characterised by memory. When our body encounters a pathogen first time produces a response called primary response of low intensity. Subsequent encounter by same pathogen produce highly intensified response called secondary response or anamnestic response due to memory of first encounter.
Primary and secondary responses are carried out with the help of B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes. B-lymphocytes produce army of protein called antibodies each having two light and two heavy chains.