Question

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Why does electric field always act normally to the surface of charge?
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Answer 1

••Electric Field lines are perpendicular to the surface of any conductor because of vector addition of the fields. ... If the Electric Field had components parallel to the surface of a conductor, free charges on the surface would move, contradicting electrostatic equilibrium.

Answer 2

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⭐ Since no change occurs in the field when you go along the surface, the gradient shouldn't have a component in that direction.

⭐ That means it has a component along the surface.

⭐Now, electric fields exert a force on charges, so now we have a force on the charges in the conductor along the surface of the conductor.