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'report on Maharashtra flood'
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There is no doubt that heavy and erratic rainfall is one of the reasons for floods in several states. But that is often coinciding with dams being full due to poor management, resulting in dam-induced floods.
With Maharashtra, Karnataka and Kerala among other states under deluge, questions are being raised over their flood management system. The disaster aggravates by the release of water from overflowing dams in the region at the same time that relentless rainfall hits it.
An assessment of the Krishna river basin by South Asia Network On Dams, Rivers and People (SANDRP) shows how mismanagement on releasing the water from various dams worsened the flood situation in Kolhapur, Sangli, and Satara districts of Maharashtra.
Three of the big dams in the region — Koyna, Radhanagari, and Warna — were almost 100 per cent full by August 5, when the current floods started.
The Radhanagri dam was close to 80 per cent full by July 25 and the Koyna and Warna dams were around 50 per cent full, according to the Central Water Commission live storage data. But no water was released from these till then.
The report says that if these dams had started releasing water from July 25, they would have had sufficient space during the first week of August when the districts received heavy rainfall and that would have helped reduce the floods. The dams, that were supposed to help moderate the flood situation, instead ended up exacerbating it.
Similarly, delaying the release of water from the Hidkal dam in Belagavi district of Karnataka had a huge influence on worsening the flood situation as operators waited for the dam to be almost full. This, despite the India Meteorological Department (IMD) giving a monsoon forecast at least five days in advance.
“Till August 5, the release was a paltry 2,400 cusecs. As soon as the dam was full, the water releases went up to 29,429 cusecs on August 6, which then kept climbing up to 100,945 cusecs on August 9. Then, excess release started on August 6, coinciding with the flood peak,” the report stated.
Experts say that due to uncertainty in rainfall and fear of dry conditions in future, dam operators think of storing as soon as water is available but that proves costly during flood fury as then there is no alternative but to release all the inflow downstream.
Shripad Dharmadhikary, founder of non-profit Manthan Adhyayan Kendra, said the management of operations of reservoirs was missing completely due to the lack of coordination both at reservoir level as well as the basin level.
“For example, at the beginning of the monsoon, reservoirs in Maharashtra and Karnataka were filled up. But the people responsible for operations work in silos and do not work with the IMD to understand the pattern of rainfall," he said.
"Hence, they thought of maximising the levels, thinking about the uncertainty of rain during the later monsoon. There is no accountability of the officials in charge of maintaining the reservoirs and hence they fail to communicate with IMD. There should be a clear-cut protocol for maintaining the reservoir levels,” he added.
However, the government has still not acknowledged the problem as no lessons were learnt after the Kerala floods of 2018 when dams violated the rule curve, which tells how the dam is supposed to be filled during the monsoon to optimise flood moderation for the downstream area.
AK Gosain from the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, said if the amount of water flowing to the reservoir was known beforehand, the water level in the reservoir could be managed. This could be done through the simulation models which depend on the size of the catchment.
“For example, we can evacuate the extra amount coming to the reservoirs and at the end of the event, can still capture the desired amount from the rivers,” he said, adding that even real time flood monitoring and methodologies calculating the flow of the river, which could effectively help in management of dam levels under variable rainfall patterns, were available in the country but were rarely used.
Resilient to climate change?
In an era of extreme climate episodes, another question that needs to be asked is whether India’s dams are resilient to climate change as concerns over dam safety have grown in recent times.
India’s dams are old and ageing and there is an urgent need to assess their safety, carry out repairs, or dismantle them to prevent dam failure-related disasters. Quality assurance of dams was once again brought to light after the Tiware Dam breach in July in Maharashtra's Ratnagiri that resulted in the death of at least 19 people.
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