higher density on a radiograph is demonstrated because X-rays ar
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There are two basic ways to create images with x-radiation. One method is to pass an x-ray beam through the body section and project a shadow image onto the receptor. The second method, used in computed tomography (CT), employs a digital computer to calculate (reconstruct) an image from x-ray penetration data obtained by scanning a relatively thin beam over the patient's body. At this time, we consider only projection imaging, which is the basic process employed in radiography and fluoroscopy.
The contrast and visibility of objects that ultimately appears in the image is developed in steps and determined by many factors, as illustrated below.
Factors That Affect Radiographic Contrast
In addition to the x-ray penetration characteristics to be considered in this chapter, image contrast is significantly affected by scattered radiation (Scattered Radiation and Contrast) and the contrast characteristics of the receptor and display system. (Film Contrast Characteristics). Also, the contrast of small objects within the body and anatomical detail is reduced by image blurring (Blur, Resolution, and Visibility of Detail and Radiographic Detail).
As the x-ray beam emerges from the patient's body it contains an image in the form of variations in exposure across the image area. This is formed by variations in the attenuation through different parts of the body. In this attenuation image contrast is represented by the amount of variation in x-ray exposure between points within the image; the amount of contrast produced in a specific examination is determined by both the physical characteristics of the body section and the penetrating characteristics of the x-ray beam.
In this chapter we explore the characteristics of both the objects within a body and the x-ray beam and show how optimum image contrast can be achieved.
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