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what is irrigation method
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Irrigation is the process of applying water to the soil , primarily to meet the water needs of growing plants
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Answer:
Irrigation is the process of applying water to soil, primarily to meet the water needs of growing plants. ... The three main methods of irrigation are surface, sprinkler and drip/micro. Water flows over the soil by gravity for surface irrigation.
The 5 methods of irrigation are:
Surface.
Sprinkler.
Drip/trickle.
Subsurface
Wild Flooding.
Explanation: Wild Flooding:
This method of irrigation consists in turning the water onto natural slopes without much control or prior preparation. It is usually waste of water, and unless the land is naturally smooth, the resulting irrigation will be quite uneven. Wild flooding is used mainly for pastures and fields of native hay on steep slopes where abundant water is available and crop values do not warrant more expensive preparations.Controlled flooding may be accomplished from held ditches or by use of borders, checks, or basins. Flooding from field ditches is often adaptable to lands with topography too irregular for other flooding methods. It is relatively inexpensive because it requires minimum of preparation.Water is brought to the field in permanent ditches and distributed across the field in smaller ditches spaced to conform to the topography, soil, and rate of flow.
2. Furrow Irrigation.
This method of irrigation is widely used for row crops, and small furrows, called corrugations, have been used for forage crops such as alfalfa. The furrow is a narrow ditch between rows of plants. An important advantage of the furrow method is that only 0.2 to 0.5 as much surface area is wetted during irrigation as compared with flooding methods of irrigation, …and evaporation losses are correspondingly reduced. Furrow irrigation is adapted to lands of irregular topography.Customarily the furrows are run normal to the contours, although this should be avoided on steep slopes where soil erosion may be severe. Spacing of furrows is determined by the proper spacing of the plants. Furrows vary from 3 to 12 inches deep and may be as much as 1500 ft. long. Excessively long furrows may result in too much percolation near the upper end and too little water at the downslope end.
3. Sprinkler Irrigation.
The development of lightweight pipe with quick couplers resulted in a rapid increase in sprinkler irrigation after World War II. Sprinkler irrigation offers a means of irrigating areas which are so irregular that they prevent use of any surface-irrigation methods. By using a low supply rate, deep percolation or surface runoff and erosion can be minimized.ffsetting these advantages is the relatively high cost of the sprinkling equipment and the permanent installations necessary to supply water to the sprinkler lines. Very low delivery rates may also result in fairly high evaporation from the spray and the wetted vegetation. In recent years, high labor costs for surface irrigation have increased the attractiveness of sprinkler irrigation. During the period from 1958 to 1967 the total irrigated acreage in the United States changed from 36 million to 45 million acres; an increase of 26 percent, while sprinkler use rose from 3.7 million to 7.6 million acres, a 130 percent increase. Sprinkling may be accomplished with fixed perforated pipe, rotating sprinkler heads, or fixed sprinkler heads.
4. Trickle Irrigation.
Trickle irrigation is that method of irrigation in which water (and nutrients) are continuously applied at the base of each plant through small plastic tubes;virtually eliminates all evaporation from soil, deep percolation, and runoff, and leads to very high efficiency in the use of water.Because of low water use, soil salinity problems are reduced. The technique of trickle irrigation was developed in Israel.
5. Sub Surface Irrigation.
In a few areas soil conditions are favorable to sub irrigation. The required conditions are a permeable soil in the root zone, underlain by an impermeable horizon or a high water table.Water is delivered to the field in ditches spaced 50 to 100 ft apart and is allowed to seep into the ground to maintain the water table at a height; such that water from the capillary fringe is available to the crops. Low flow rates are necessary in the supply ditches; and free drainage of water must be permitted, either naturally or with drainage works, to prevent water logging of the fields. The irrigation water should be of good quality to avoid excessive soil salinity. Sub irrigation results in a minimum of evaporation loss and surface waste and requires little field preparation and labor. Sub irrigation has been employed in the Egin Bench project, Idaho; in Cache Valley, Utah; in San Luis Valley, Colorado; and in the delta of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers in California.