history and scope of science
Answers
Answer:
Science in a broad sense existed before the modern era and in many historical civilizations.[26] Modern science is distinct in its approach and successful in its results, so it now defines what science is in the strictest sense of the term.[3][5][27] Science in its original sense was a word for a type of knowledge, rather than a specialized word for the pursuit of such knowledge. In particular, it was the type of knowledge which people can communicate to each other and share. For example, knowledge about the working of natural things was gathered long before recorded history and led to the development of complex abstract thought. This is shown by the construction of complex calendars, techniques for making poisonous plants edible, public works at national scale, such as those which harnessed the floodplain of the Yangtse with reservoirs,[28] dams, and dikes, and buildings such as the Pyramids. However, no consistent conscious distinction was made between knowledge of such things, which are true in every community, and other types of communal knowledge, such as mythologies and legal systems. Metallurgy was known in prehistory, and the Vinča culture was the earliest known producer of bronze-like alloys. It is thought that early experimentation with heating and mixing of substances over time developed into alchemy.
Early cultures
Main article: History of science in early cultures
Clay models of animal livers dating between the nineteenth and eighteenth centuries BCE, found in the royal palace in Mari, Syria
Neither the words nor the concepts "science" and "nature" were part of the conceptual landscape in the ancient near east.[29] The ancient Mesopotamians used knowledge about the properties of various natural chemicals for manufacturing pottery, faience, glass, soap, metals, lime plaster, and waterproofing;[30] they also studied animal physiology, anatomy, and behavior for divinatory purposes[30] and made extensive records of the movements of astronomical objects for their study of astrology.[31] The Mesopotamians had intense interest in medicine[30] and the earliest medical prescriptions appear in Sumerian during the Third Dynasty of Ur (c. 2112 BCE – c. 2004 BCE).[32] Nonetheless, the Mesopotamians seem to have had little interest in gathering information about the natural world for the mere sake of gathering information[30] and mainly only studied scientific subjects which had obvious practical applications or immediate relevance to their religious system.[30]
Classical antiquity
Main article: History of science in classical antiquity
See also: Nature (philosophy)
In classical antiquity, there is no real ancient analog of a modern scientist. Instead, well-educated, usually upper-class, and almost universally male individuals performed various investigations into nature whenever they could afford the time.[33] Before the invention or discovery of the concept of "nature" (ancient Greek phusis) by the Pre-Socratic philosophers, the same words tend to be used to describe the natural "way" in which a plant grows,[34] and the "way" in which, for example, one tribe worships a particular god. For this reason, it is claimed these men were the first philosophers in the strict sense, and also the first people to clearly distinguish "nature" and "convention."[35]:209 Natural philosophy, the precursor of natural science, was thereby distinguished as the knowledge of nature and things which are true for every community, and the name of the specialized pursuit of such knowledge was philosophy – the realm of the first philosopher-physicists. They were mainly speculators or theorists, particularly interested in astronomy. In contrast, trying to use knowledge of nature to imitate nature (artifice or technology, Greek technē) was seen by classical scientists as a more appropriate interest for artisans of lower social class.[36]
The early Greek philosophers of the Milesian school, which was founded by Thales of Miletus and later continued
scope ;
the scope of history has been undergoing constant change in the past the world was divide into a number of social political and cultural units.
each unit considering itself superior two other examples Japan, China, India in Asia, Romans ,Greek English in Europe and Americans and possessing independent histories certain societies like Japan China India it is considered themselves as more citizens did not study about others States that they considered as barbarians.
please follow me
please my friend
and
than I follow you