HISTORY:Ch-5 The Revolt of 1857 1) Explain the social and religious causes for the revolt of 1857. 2) Explain the various economic causes leading to the revolt of 1857. 3) Explain the various political causes for the revolt of 1857. 4) Explain the military causes of the revolt of 1857. 5) What was the immediate cause that led to the outbreak of the revolt of 1857 ? 6) From where did the revolt begin ? who started it ? 7) what was the main grievance of Rani Lakshmibai against the British ? 8) Explain the various causes of the failure of the revolt of 1857. 9) Explain the various main events at Delhi which took place during the revolt of 1857. 10) Explain the various events at Lucknow and what were its results.
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1 )Socio-Religious Causes of 1857 Revolt
One of the major reasons for the revolt was socio-religious policies of the British which included racial superiority and discrimination, missionary activities and deliberate efforts to subvert the religious beliefs of the people in India
2)The peasants suffered due to high revenue demands and the strict revenue collection policy. Artisans and craftsmen were ruined by the large-scale influx of cheap British manufactured goods into India which, in turn, made their hand-made goods uneconomical to produce.
3) The main political cause for the great revolt of 1857 was the policy of Doctrine of Lapse. It was an annexation policy purportedly used by Lord Dalhousie as per which any princely state or territory under the British East India Company would automatically be annexed if the ruler died without a male heir.
4)Low salary and poor prospects of promotion. Disproportion between Indian and British troops. Social distance between officers and Indian soldiers. Loss of British prestige in Afghan War.
5)The immediate cause of the Indian Revolt of 1857 was a seemingly minor change in the weapons used by the British East India Company's troops. The East India Company upgraded to the new Pattern 1853 Enfield rifle, which used greased paper cartridges.
6)The rebellion began on 10 May 1857 in the form of a mutiny of sepoys of the Company's army in the garrison town of Meerut, 40 mi northeast of Delhi.
7)Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi wanted the East India Company to recognise her adopted son as the heir to the kingdom after the death of her husband. This demand was refused by the British.
8)The revolt of 1857 suffered from a weak leadership. It was not planned and organized. There was a clear lack of unity among the rebels and there was no common purpose among them during the revolt of 1857. The revolt did not spread to all the parts of India instead it was confined to the Northern and Central India.
9)Siege of Delhi, (8 June–21 September 1857). The hard-fought recapture of Delhi by the British army was a decisive moment in the suppression of the 1857–58 Indian Mutiny against British rule. It extinguished Indian dreams of recreating the rule of the Mughal Empire. The rebellion lost its cohesion, allowing the British to defeat any remaining isolated pockets of resistance.
After the capture of Delhi by rebels in May, the British were unable to launch a counterattack because their army was dispersed over vast distances. It took quite some time for the British to assemble an army, but, in June, two columns were combined with a force of Ghurkas.
The makeshift force managed to occupy a ridge overlooking the city but was not large enough to launch an assault, marking the beginning of the siege on June 8. Inside the city were more than 30,000 mutineers loyal to Bahadur Shah, who was holding court as the Mughal emperor. The large numbers of mutineers meant that the British force felt as though they were the ones under siege, and, as the weeks wore on, the British began to suffer from outbreaks of cholera and dysentery. However, reinforcements slowly arrived from the Punjab, including a siege train of thirty-two guns and 2,000 more men under the command of Brigadier General John Nicholson.
By early September, the British had assembled a force of some 9,000, which consisted of 3,000 regular troops and 6,000 Sikhs, Punjabis, and Ghurkas. The siege guns begun firing on September 8 and, by September 14, had made sufficiently large breaches in the walls to launch an attack. The assault was met with stiff resistance but by September 21, after a week of savage street-to-street fighting, Delhi was back under British control. Bahadur Shah was arrested and died in exile in Rangoon in 1862. He was the last of the Mughal emperors.
10)The siege of Lucknow was the prolonged defence of the Residency within the city of Lucknow during the Indian Rebellion of 1857. After two successive relief attempts had reached the city, the defenders and civilians were evacuated from the Residency, which was then abandoned.
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