history of presidential system
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A presidential system is a democratic and republican government in which a head of government leads an executive branch that is separate from the legislative branch. This head of government is in most cases also the head of state, which is called president.
In presidential countries, the executive is elected and is not responsible to the legislature, which cannot in normal circumstances dismiss it. Such dismissal is possible, however, in uncommon cases, often through impeachment.
The title "president" has persisted from a time when such person personally presided over the governing body, as with the President of the Continental Congress in the early United States, prior to the executive function being split into a separate branch of government.
A presidential system contrasts with a parliamentary system, where the head of government comes to power by gaining the confidence of an elected legislature. There is also a hybrid system called semi-presidentialism.
Countries that feature a presidential or semi-presidential system of government are not the exclusive users of the title of president. Heads of state of parliamentary republics, largely ceremonial in most cases, are called presidents. Dictators or leaders of one-party states, whether popularly elected or not, are also often called presidents.
Presidentialism is the dominant form of government in the mainland Americas, with all of its 22 sovereign states being presidential republics, with the exception of Canada, Belize, and Suriname (South America is also the only continent in the world to have no monarchies). It is also prevalent in Central and southern West Africa and in Central Asia. There are no presidential republics in Europe (whether nominally or in practice), with the exception for Turkey, Belarus, France and Cyprus. Oceania also has no presidential republics.
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