Question

hopes apparatus.... working with diagram

Answer 1

Thomas Charles Hope (1766-1844) was the Professor of Chemistry at Edinburgh University from 1795-1843. In 1805 he published a paper "Experiments and Observations upon the Contraction of Water by Heat at Low Temperatures". In it he showed that water has its maximum density at about 4°C, a fact well known to fish who congregate at the bottom of ponds in freezing weather.

Answer 2

Thomas Carles apparatus