how are amino acids detected..,?? write down the principal of few.....????
Answers
Answer:
Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amine (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid.[1][2] The key elements of an amino acid are carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N), although other elements are found in the side chains of certain amino acids. About 500 naturally occurring amino acids are known (though only 20 appear in the genetic code) and can be classified in many ways.[3] They can be classified according to the core structural functional groups' locations as alpha- (α-), beta- (β-), gamma- (γ-) or delta- (δ-) amino acids; other categories relate to polarity, pH level, and side chain group type (aliphatic, acyclic, aromatic, containing hydroxyl or sulfur, etc.). In the form of proteins, amino acid residues form the second-largest component (water is the largest) of human muscles and other tissues.[4] Beyond their role as residues in proteins, amino acids participate in a number of processes such as neurotransmitter transport and biosynthesis.
The structure of an alpha amino acid in its un-ionized form
In biochemistry, amino acids which have the amine group attached to the (alpha-) carbon atom next to the carboxyl group have particular importance. They are known as 2-, alpha-, or α-amino acids (generic formula H2NCHRCOOH in most cases,[a] where R is an organic substituent known as a "side chain");[5] often the term "amino acid" is used to refer specifically to these. They include the 22 proteinogenic ("protein-building") amino acids,[6][7][8] which combine into peptide chains ("polypeptides") to form the building blocks of a vast array of proteins.[9] These are all L-stereoisomers ("left-handed" isomers), although a few D-amino acids ("right-handed") occur in bacterial envelopes, as a neuromodulator (D-serine), and in some antibiotics.[10]
Twenty of the proteinogenic amino acids are encoded directly by triplet codons in the genetic code and are known as "standard" amino acids. The other two ("nonstandard" or "non-canonical") are selenocysteine (present in many prokaryotes as well as most eukaryotes, but not coded directly by DNA), and pyrrolysine (found only in some archaea and one bacterium). Pyrrolysine and selenocysteine are encoded via variant codons; for example, selenocysteine is encoded by stop codon and SECIS element.[11][12][13] N-formylmethionine (which is often the initial amino acid of proteins in bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts) is generally considered as a form of methionine rather than as a separate proteinogenic amino acid. Codon–tRNA combinations not found in nature can also be used to "expand" the genetic code and form novel proteins known as alloproteins incorporating non-proteinogenic amino acids.[14][15][16]
Many important proteinogenic and non-proteinogenic amino acids have biological functions. For example, in the human brain, glutamate (standard glutamic acid) and gamma-aminobutyric acid ("GABA", nonstandard gamma-amino acid) are, respectively, the main excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters.[17] Hydroxyproline, a major component of the connective tissue collagen, is synthesised from proline. Glycine is a biosynthetic precursor to porphyrins used in red blood cells. Carnitine is used in lipid transport. Nine proteinogenic amino acids are called "essential" for humans because they cannot be produced from other compounds by the human body and so must be taken in as food. Others may be conditionally essential for certain ages or medical conditions. Essential amino acids may also differ between species.[b] Because of their biological significance, amino acids are important in nutrition and are commonly used in nutritional supplements, fertilizers, feed, and food technology. Industrial uses include the production of drugs, biodegradable plastics, and chiral catalysts.
Explanation:
All The 20 amino acids are classified into two different amino acid groups. Essential amino acids and Non-essential amino acids together make up the 20 amino acids. Out of the 20 amino acids, 9 are the essential amino acids, and the others are Non-essential amino acids. Let’s see each different amino acid according to their classification.
Essential amino acids
BCAA (valine, leucine and isoleucine)
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are a group of three amino acids (valine, leucine and isoleucine) that have a molecular structure with a branch. BCAAs are plentiful in muscle proteins, stimulate muscle growth in the body and provide energy during exercise.
Amino Acids for Better Sports Performance : BCAA
Lysine
Lysine is one of the most commonly mentioned essential amino acids. Foods such as bread and rice tend to be low in lysine. For example, compared to an ideal amino acid composition, wheat is low in lysine. The United Nations University carried out the research about people in developing countries where they depend on wheat for protein, and found out the lack of lysine in their diet. Not having enough lysine and other amino acids can lead to serious problems such as stunted growth and severe illness.
Amino Acids for Nutrition Improvement
Threonine
An essential amino acid that is used to make the active site of enzymes.
Phenylalanine
An essential amino acid that is used to make many types of useful amines.
Methionine
An essential amino acid that is used to make many different substances needed in the body.
Histidine
An essential amino acid that is used to make histamine.
Tryptophan
An essential amino acid used to make many types of useful amines.
Non-Essential amino acids
Glutamine
Glutamine is one of the most common amino acids in the body. Glutamine protects the stomach and gastrointestinal tract. In particular, glutamine is used to produce energy for the gastrointestinal tract. Glutamine promotes the metabolization of alcohol to protect the liver.
Amino Acids for Hangover
Aspartate
Aspartate is one of the amino acids that is most usable for energy. Aspartate is one of the amino acids positioned most closely to the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in the body that produces energy. The TCA cycle is like the engine that powers cars. Each cell in our bodies functions to produce energy.
Amino Acids for Delicious Taste : Glutamate and Aspartate
Glutamate
The kombu stock used in Japanese cooking contains glutamate. Glutamate is the base of umami and free glutamates are found in kombu, tomatoes and cheese. Inside the body, glutamate is utilized as an important source of essential amino acids.
Amino Acids for Delicious Taste : Glutamate and Aspartate
Arginine
Arginine plays an important role in opening up the veins to enhance blood flow. Nitric oxide that opens up the veins is made from arginine. Arginine is a useful amino acid for removing excess ammonia from the body. Arginine increases immunity.
Alanine
Alanine supports function of the liver. Alanine is used to make glucose that are needed by the body. Alanine improves the metabolization of alcohol.
Amino Acids for Hangover
Proline
Proline is one of the amino acids contained in collagen that makes up skin tissue. Proline is one of the most important amino acids to the natural moisturizing factor (NMF) that keeps skin moist.
Amino Acids for Skin and Hair
Cysteine
Cysteine reduces the amount of black melanin pigmentation made. Cysteine is plentiful in head hair and body hair. Cysteine increases the amount of yellow melanin made instead of black melanin.
Asparagine
An amino acid that was discovered from asparagus. Both asparagine and Aspartate are positioned close to the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle that produces energy.
Serine
An amino acid used to make phospholipids and glyceric acid.
Glycine
A non-essential amino acid that is made in the body. Glycine is plentiful in the body. It acts as a transmitter in the central nervous system and helps regulate body functions such as locomotion and sensory perception. Glycine makes up one-third of collagen.
Tyrosine
Tyrosine is used to make many types of useful amines. Tyrosine is grouped as an aromatic amino acid together with phenylalanine and tryptophan.