Question

how are bacteria used in genetic engineering

Answer 1

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Genetic engineering is the transfer of DNA from one organism to another using biotechnology. ... Bacterial cells can be genetically modified so that they have the gene for producing human insulin. As these modified bacteria grow, they produce human insulin. This protein can be purified and supplied to diabetics.

Answer 2

Answer:

Genetic engineering

Genetic engineering is the transfer of DNA from one organism to another using biotechnology. The organism receiving the DNA is said to be genetically modified (GM).

Organisms are genetically modified in order to give them a combination of genes (genotype) that will result in them having desirable physical characteristics (phenotype). Often the desirable characteristic is simply the ability to produce large quantities of a useful protein.

Bacterial cells can be genetically modified so that they have the gene for producing human insulin. As these modified bacteria grow, they produce human insulin. This protein can be purified and supplied to diabetics.

The process of genetically engineering bacterial cells is shown in the diagram below.

The stages of genetic engineering

The stages of this method of genetic engineering are:

• The location of the section of DNA containing the gene for making the human protein insulin must be identified (it is on human chromosome number 7).
• A specific enzyme is used to extract the required gene from the human chromosome.
• Plasmids are then removed from bacterial cells.
• The DNA of the plasmids is cut open with a specific enzyme.
• The human insulin gene is inserted into each plasmid.
• The plasmid acts as a vector - it is used to transfer DNA from one organism to another.
• Bacterial cells are made to take up the genetically modified plasmids.
• Bacterial cells that successfully take up plasmids are described as being transformed. They can also be called genetically modified organisms. The bacteria are host cells for the plasmids.
• Each bacterial cell will produce a tiny mass of insulin.
• By culturing the genetically modified bacteria large quantities of insulin protein can be produced and extracted.

END.

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