Question

how are hydrogen bonds formed between water molecules and what effect do they have on the properties of water?

Answer 1

Explanation:

The two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom within water molecules (H2O) form polar covalent bonds. ... As a result of water's polarity, each water molecule attracts other water molecules because of the opposite charges between them, forming hydrogen bonds.

Answer 2

Hydrogen bonds are formed between water molecules in the following ways-

• The molecular makeup of water holds the key to understanding its chemical behavior.
• A water molecule has a bent overall structure and is made up of two hydrogen atoms bound to an oxygen atom.
• This is because the oxygen atom additionally carries two pairs of unshared electrons in addition to making bonds with the hydrogen atoms.
• Shared and unshared electron pairs repel one another.
• The configuration that places them farthest apart from one another—a tetrahedron—is the most stable.
• The O atom hoards electrons and keeps them away from the H atoms because oxygen is more electronegative and therefore more electron-hungry than hydrogen.
• This results in a partial charge difference between the H and O ends of the water molecule.
• Due to its bent form and polar covalent connections, water is categorized as a polar molecule.
• Water molecules gladly attract one another due to their polarity. A hydrogen atom's plus end joins forces with an oxygen atom's negative end forming a weak interaction known as hydrogen bonding.

The effect of hydrogen bonding on water is as follows-

• Water maintains its liquid state across a wide temperature range thanks to hydrogen bonding.
• Water has an abnormally high heat of vaporization because it requires more energy to break hydrogen bonds. Compared to other hydrides, water has a substantially higher boiling point.
• Ice floats on water because it is less thick than liquid water due to hydrogen bonding.
• Animals may effectively reduce body temperature through sweating thanks to the effect of hydrogen bonding.
• Due to its effect on heat capacity, water shields areas near big bodies of water or humid surroundings from drastic temperature swings. Global temperature regulation is aided by water.

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