Question

how are lysosomes associated with ageing?

Answer 1

Lysosomes are the main catabolic organelles of a cell and play a pivotal role in a plethora of cellular processes, including responses to nutrient availability and composition, stress resistance, programmed cell death, plasma membrane repair, development, and cell differentiation. In line with this pleiotropic importance for cellular and organismal life and death, lysosomal dysfunction is associated with many age-related pathologies like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease, as well as with a decline in lifespan. Conversely, targeting lysosomal functional capacity is emerging as a means to promote longevity. Here, we analyze the current knowledge on the prominent influence of lysosomes on aging-related processes, such as their executory and regulatory roles during general and selective macroautophagy, or their storage capacity for amino acids and ions. In addition, we review and discuss the roles of lysosomes as active players in the mechanisms underlying known lifespan-extending interventions like, for example, spermidine or rapamycin administration. In conclusion, this review aims at critically examining the nature and pliability of the different layers, in which lysosomes are involved as a control hub for aging and longevity.
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Answer 2

The lysosome is a type of cellular component that serves as a recycling unit, breaking down unwanted proteins and structures into their raw materials. As such they play an important role in cellular housekeeping, the removal of damaged structures, machinery, and waste that will, if left unchecked, harm cells and cellular processes. Unfortunately not all byproducts of metabolism can be broken down, either efficiently or at all, and in long-lived cell populations lysosomes become bloated and dysfunctional, filled with a mix of hardy waste products called lipofusin, and much less able to perform their recycling activities. This contributes to the progression of aging, leading to a sort of runaway garbage catastrophe.

Researchers have demonstrated that improving lysosomal function, even without addressing the issue of liposfusin, can greatly improve measures of organ function in older animals. The SENS rejuvenation research approach to this aspect of aging is to find ways to break down the important constituents of lipofuscin by mining the bacterial world for suitable enzymes capable of digesting it. We know they exist because lipofuscin doesn't build up in the soil of graveyards. At present this work has produced some candidates, and is slowly heading in the direction of initial commercial development - though as for near all lines of research relating to repair of the causes of aging, there is all too little interest and funding.