How are non-stoichiometric point defects classified? Explain with diagram the metal deficiency defect.
Answers
Answer:
How are point defects classified based on the source of the atom? ... When there is a presence of an additional atom in the crystal lattice, it is called extrinsic defect and hence they are classified according to the source of the atom.
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Answer:
given below:-
Explanation:
Point Defects
Point defects explain about the imperfections of solids along with the types of point defects. Crystalline solids are formed by joining many small crystals. Different types of defects are found in crystals after the process of crystallization.
Point defects are accounted for when the crystallization process occurs at a very fast rate. These defects mainly happen due to deviation in the arrangement of constituting particles. In a crystalline solid, when the ideal arrangement of solids is distorted around a point/ atom it is called a point defect.
Defects or Imperfections in crystalline solid can be divided into four groups namely line defects, point defects, volume defects and surface defects. Historically, crystal point defects were first regarded in ionic crystals, not in metal crystals that were much simpler.
There are 3 types of point defects:
Stoichiometric defect
Frenkel defect
Schottky defect
1. Stoichiometric Defect:
In this kind of point defect, the ratio of positive and negative ions (Stoichiometric) and electrical neutrality of a solid is not disturbed. Sometimes it is also known as intrinsic or thermodynamic defects.
Fundamentally, they are of two types:
Vacancy defect: When an atom is not present at their lattice sites, then that lattice site is vacant and it creates a vacancy defect. Due to this, the density of a substance decreases.
Interstitial defect: It is a defect in which an atom or molecule occupies the intermolecular spaces in crystals. In this defect, the density of the substance increases.
A non-ionic compound mainly shows vacancy and interstitial defects. An ionic compound shows the same in Frenkel and Schottky defect.
2. Frenkel Defect:
In ionic solids generally, the smaller ion (cation) moves out of its place and occupies an intermolecular space. In this case, a vacancy defect is created on its original position and the interstitial defect is experienced at its new position.
It is also known as dislocation defect.
The density of a substance remains unchanged.
It happens when there is a huge difference in the size of anions and cations.
Example: ZnS and AgCl.

3. Schottky Defect
This kind of vacancy defects is found in Ionic Solids. But in ionic compounds, we need to balance the electrical neutrality of the compound so an equal number of anions and cations will be missing from the compound.
It reduces the density of the substance.
In this, the size of cations and anions are of almost the same.

Impurity Defect: Let’s understand the impurity defect by an example. If molten NaCl is crystallized with SrCl2 compound then the Sr2+ ions replace two Na+ ions and occupy the place of one Na+ In this way the lattice site of one Na+ is vacant and it creates an impurity defect.
Non-Stoichiometric Defect: In this defect, the cations and anions ratio is disturbed either because of adding or removing of ions.
Types of Non-Stoichiometric Defect:
Metal deficiency defect: In this, the solids have less number of metals relative to the described Stoichiometric proportion