Question

How are sounds produced by non living things different from sounds produced by living things

Answer 1

Answer:

With regard to hearing perception, it remains unclear as to whether, or the extent to which, different conceptual categories of real-world sounds and related categorical knowledge are differentially represented in the brain. Semantic knowledge representations are reported to include the major divisions of living versus non-living things, plus more specific categories including animals, tools, biological motion, faces, and places—categories typically defined by their characteristic visual features. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to identify brain regions showing preferential activity to four categories of action sounds, which included non-vocal human and animal actions (living), plus mechanical and environmental sound-producing actions (non-living). The results showed a striking antero-posterior division in cortical representations for sounds produced by living versus non-living sources. Additionally, there were several significant differences by category, depending on whether the task was category-specific (e.g. human or not) versus non-specific (detect end-of-sound). In general, (1) human-produced sounds yielded robust activation in the bilateral posterior superior temporal sulci independent of task. Task demands modulated activation of left-lateralized fronto-parietal regions, bilateral insular cortices, and subcortical regions previously implicated in observation-execution matching, consistent with “embodied” and mirror-neuron network representations subserving recognition. (2) Animal action sounds preferentially activated the bilateral posterior insulae. (3) Mechanical sounds activated the anterior superior temporal gyri and parahippocampal cortices. (4) Environmental sounds preferentially activated dorsal occipital and medial parietal cortices. Overall, this multi-level dissociation of networks for preferentially representing distinct sound-source categories provides novel support for grounded cognition models that may underlie organizational principles for hearing perception.

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Answer 2

Answer:

Answered by Waymaker

1. Conversely, sounds produced by non-living or non-biological things (Fig. 1B–C, blue-green) resulted in preferential activation in cortex traditionally reported to be visually-sensitive, the bilateral parahippocampal gyrus, and posterior cingulate cortices (left > right). Surface-registered visual areas from the PALS database were superimposed onto these data (Fig. 1C, black outlines on flat maps), indicating that this overlap included high-level visual areas such as area V7, lateral occipital cortex (LOC), visual motion processing area hMT/V5, among other visual-related regions. Interestingly, different regions of interest (ROIs) showing preferential, or at least differential, activation to sounds produced by non-living things showed three different activation profiles relative to responses to silent events (Fig. 1C, histograms). For instance, the left parahippocampal gyrus region showed positive BOLD signal to both biological and non-biological sounds relative to silent events, but with a strong preference for the non-biological sounds. The left posterior cingulate and right parahippocampal gyrus showed positive activation to non-biological sounds, but “negative” responses to biological sounds relative to silent events. Bilateral activity in high-level visual areas showed negative BOLD activation signals to both living and non-living sound sources, but with significantly greater negative response magnitudes for the biological action sounds.