How are working conditions of women in unorganized a sector different from those is organisation? 5 marks
Answers
1. in the unorganised sector women were given paid leaves whereas in organised sector not.
2.in the organised sector women have to work for fixed hours but in unorganised sector working hours are not fixed.
Answer:
The term unorganised sector when used in the Indian contexts defined by National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector, in their Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector as "... consisting of all unincorporated private enterprises owned by individuals or households engaged in the sale or production of goods and services operated on a proprietary or partnership basis and with less than ten total workers."[1]
Amongst the characteristic features of this sector are ease of entry, smaller scale of operation, local ownership, uncertain legal status, labour-intensive and operating using lower technology based methods, flexible pricing, less sophisticated packing, absence of a brand name, unavailability of good storage facilities and an effective distribution network, inadequate access to government schemes, finance and government aid, lower entry barriers for employees, a higher proportion of migrants with a lower rate of compensation.[2] Employees of enterprises belonging to the unorganised sector have lower job security and poorer chances of growth, and no leave or paid holidays, they have lower protection against employers indulging in unfair or illegal practices.[3]
A NCEUS report estimates that in 2005 out of the 458 million persons employed in India, 95 percent or 435 million worked in the unorganised sector,[4] generating 50.6 percent of the country's Gross Domestic Product.[5]Labour in India refers to employment in the economy of India. In 2012, there were around 487 million workers in India, the second largest after China.[1] Of these over 94 percent work in unincorporated, unorganised enterprises ranging from pushcart vendors to home-based diamond and gem polishing operations.[2] [3] The organised sector includes workers employed by the government, state-owned enterprises and private sector enterprises. In 2008, the organised sector employed 27.5 million workers, of which 17.3 million worked for government or government owned entities.[4]Since the industrial revolution, women have increasingly participated in the workforce outside of the home in industrialized nations, with particularly large growth seen in the 20th century. Largely seen as a boon for industrial society, women in the workforce contribute to a higher national economic output as measured in GDP as well as decreasing labor costs by increasing the labor supply in a society.
A woman employee demonstrates a hospital information management system in Tanzania.
Percent of women in the workforce among all women aged 20–64 years in the European Union in 2011[1]
Proportion of women in senior and middle management positions (2017)
Women's lack of access to higher education had effectively excluded them from the practice of well-paid and high status occupations. Entry of women into the higher professions like law and medicine was delayed in most countries due to women being denied entry to universities and qualification for degrees; for example, Cambridge University only fully validated degrees for women late in 1947, and even then only after much opposition and acrimonious debate.[2] Women were largely limited to low-paid and poor status occupations for most of the 19th and 20th centuries, or earned less pay than men for doing the same work. However, through the 20th century, the labor market shifted. Office work that does not require heavy labor expanded, and women increasingly acquired the higher education that led to better-compensated, longer-term careers rather than lower-skilled, shorter-term jobs.
The increasing rates of women contributing in the work force has led to a more equal disbursement of hours worked across the regions of the world.[3][failed verification] However, in western European countries the nature of women's employment participation remains markedly different from that of men.
Although access to paying occupations (the "workforce") has been and remains unequal in many occupations and places around the world, scholars sometimes distinguish between "work" and "paying work", including in their analysis a broader spectrum of labor such as uncompensated household work, childcare, eldercare, and family subsistence farming.
In 2019 around 74.6 million of around 123 million women age 16+ in America are working or looking for work.[citation needed]