Question

How can one reasonably theoretically model polycrystalline materials?

Answer 1

Many techniques are taught in advanced solid state courses but they are almost all derived for perfectly crystalline materials. For example, band structure really only appears theoretically when you look at periodic potentials that are pretty big in at least one direction.

But in experiment you often end up using materials that are polycrystalline (e.g., an evaporated film). Then, it is only periodic inasmuch the individual grains making up the sample are periodic, but they are both small (if your grains are ~1um wide, then you really only have 1000-10000 atoms in one direction, per grain) and randomly oriented, which messes up any theory I possibly know.

How can one analyze these? Is it possible? Which theories can still be used reasonably and which have to be thrown out?