Question

how can we decrease the reactivity of sodium metal​

Answer 1

Alkyl groups have +I-effect. As the number of alkyl groups increases from 1 to 2 to 3 in going from 1° to 2° to 3° alcohols, the electron density in the O−H bond increases and the bond becomes stronger and stronger. In other words, acidic character of alcohols decreases in the order 1°>2°>3°.

Since Na metal is basic and alcohols are acidic in nature, therefore, reactivity of Na metal towards alcohols decreases as the acidic strength of alcohols decreases, i.e., in the order : 1°>2°>3°.

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