Question

How can we find number of resonance structures to put in the formula of bond order? Do we include The hybrid structure also?

Answer 1

Answer:

There is no specific formula for finding the number of resonance contributors. However, there are some useful tips that I can give you based on my experience:

•SP3 hybridized carbons do NOT do resonance. Thus, avoid localizing any electrons on them.

•Pi bonds and pi systems are good places to delocalize electrons.

•Nonbonding electrons are high in energy. As such, expect them to almost always be involved in resonance (to lower their energy of course).

•Carbonyl groups (C=O) always have resonance, even if it's just moving the electrons from the pi bond to the oxygen (this is called minor resonance).

•Pay attention to electron donating and electron withdrawing groups. Even if two molecules have the same number of resonance contributors, these groups still affect the reactivity of the molecules quite significantly.

•The hybrid "actual" structure is never a resonance contributor.

•Alkynes do resonance as well (remember, pi bonds), but they do resonance with only one of their pi bonds, as the other pi bond is perpendicular to the first.

These points can be very helpful when drawing resonance contributors. However, you can never get good at resonance sinply by looking at these points. You need to practice. As I always say, practice makes perfect.

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