Question

how can you say that the economy in Russia is agrarian ? What values does this reflect?

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Answer 1

There is an initial political crisis which causes a disruption of the effectiveness of the state apparatus: the immediate cause of this crisis in the case of Russia was international war. One might argue that the political regime could have been transformed in a non-revolutionary way had it not been for this externally-induced crisis. Disorganisation of the state and political revolution unleashed a latent agrarian revolutionary movement, which could not be brought under control by the ‘bourgeois democratic' forces which replaced the Tzar. Here it's important to note that Russia's revolutionary agrarian movement was also associated with the existence of a coherent peasant community organisation — the obshchina (see below), concentrated on the Central Black Earth/Middle Volga heartlands of old Russia. Pre-revolutionary Russian agrarian structure was, however, diverse, varying from region to region:

1. European Russia: Early emancipation of serfs in Baltic (1817) without land allotments led to wage-labour based big capitalist estates, exporting to Western Europe. Western Ukraine: Sugar-beet and other agro-industry renting peasant allotments;

2. Southeast and Siberia: Commercial small-holder farming, small capitalist farms. Because Siberia was a zone of colonisation, there were no obshchina;

3. North/Lakes/Central Industrial Province: Commercial agriculture only profitable near big cities. The nobles sold off their land. Peasants became seasonal migrants to cities (migration becoming more permanent when Stolypin reforms cut imposed ties to obshchina);

4. Central Black Earth/Middle Volga (‘core' of old agrarian Russia): Uncommercialised peasant subsistence agriculture, obshchinageneral, rental of estate land to subsistence peasantry — sometimes to communities as collectivities, sometimes to households.

Answer 2

After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and collapse of Russia's controlled economy, a new Russian Federation was created underBoris Yeltsin in 1991. The Russian Federation had multiple economic reforms, including privatization and market and trade liberalization, due to collapse of communism. Though the economy is much more stable compared to the early 1990s, inflation still remains an issue for Russia.