How chargers are produced by friction in short answer
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When a polythene rod is rubbed with a duster, the friction causes electrons to gain energy. Electrons gain enough energy to leave the atom and 'rub off' onto the polythene rod. The polythene rod has gained electrons, giving it a negative charge. The duster has lost electrons, giving it a positive charge.
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When insulating materials rub against each other, they may become electrically charged . Electrons , which are negatively charged, may be 'rubbed off' one material and on to the other. The material that gains electrons becomes negatively charged. The material that loses electrons is left with a positive charge.
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