Question

how crystalline solids are classified on the basis of nature of intermolecular forces operating in them chemistry cbse class 12

Answer 1

Crystalline solids are classified into four categories:

⚫⚫
$\huge{\mathfrak{\underline{\underline{\red{Ionic \: solids:}}}}}$
These are crystalline solids in which the constituent particles are positive and negative ions.

$\bold{E.g.}$

In case of NaCl, Na+ and Cl- ions are held together by strong electrostatic forces of attraction.

⚫⚫
$\huge{\mathfrak{\underline{\underline{\red{Molecular \: solids:}}}}}$
In these solids, the constituent particles are molecules.

⭐. They may be non-polar molecules like H2, Cl2 held together by weak dispersion or London forces.

⭐. They may be polar molecules like HCl held together by dipole-dipole forces of attraction.

⭐. They contain hydrogen bond linked to highly electronegative atom like oxygen atom in H2O held by strong hydrogen bonds.

⚫⚫
$\huge{\mathfrak{\underline{\underline{\red{Covalent \: solids:}}}}}$
They are solids in which the constituent particles are non-metal atoms linked to adjacent atoms by covalent bonds.

$\bold{E.g.}$

In diamond, the carbon atoms are linked to each other by covalent bonds.

⚫⚫
$\huge{\mathfrak{\underline{\underline{\red{Metallic \: solids:}}}}}$
In these solids, the constituent particles are positively charged metal ions and free electrons.

$\bold{E.g.}$

Fe, Cu

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Answer 2

Crystalline solids are classified into four categories: I.Ionic solids: These are crystalline solids in which the constituent particles are positive and negative ions. E.g.In case of NaCl, Na+ and Cl- ions are held together by strong electrostatic forces of attraction.