how did Azad jah consoler
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Explanation:
Manmath Nath Gupta was an Indian revolutionary writer and author of autobiographical, historical and fictional books in Hindi, English and Bengali. He joined the Indian independence movement at the age of 13, and was an active member of the Hindustan Republican Association. He participated in the famous Kakori train robbery in 1925 and was imprisoned for 14 years. On release from jail in 1937, he started writing against the British government.
Answer:Hyderabad: The Nizam and His State
When one thinks of Hyderabad today, a technology and economic hub in the heart
of India, it is hard to imagine that little more than 60 years ago this was the center of a
major political struggle between the largest state in the Subcontinent and the newly
formed country of India. Though often lost in the violence and religious turmoil that
characterized the partition, Hyderabad refused to join either India or Pakistan, instead
opting for its own sovereignty according to Indian Independence Act of 1947. As the
premier state in South India and the largest princely state by population1
, Hyderabad
presented a unique case for India not only in that it was surrounded on all sides by the
Indian Union, but that it was a majority Hindu state governed by a Muslim ruler. The
seventh and final Nizam of Hyderabad had continued throughout his reign to promote a
claim to independence, which he sought to solidify through supporting British interests in
India faithfully, a policy not unlike that of his ancestors. While Hyderabad had been in a
period of peace throughout much of its association with the British, the rising tide of
communalism seen in the lead-up to partition eventually crept its way into Hyderabad in
many different forms, starting from the Khilafat movement until the eventual capitulation
of Hyderabad to Indian army forces in the fall of 1948. This paper will attempt to trace
the Nizam’s continual struggle for sovereignty throughout the period of his reign, paying
particular attention to the events and actors, both inside and outside of the state of
Hyderabad, pivotal to the years surrounding the partition of the subcontinent by the
British. While the Nizam’s rule had plenty of weaknesses which were exploited by
1
Government of India, White Paper on Hyderabad. New Delhi: Government of India Press, 1948, 3.
2
political and communal forces opposing his position. Hyderabad, in spite of these issues
and accusations by India, was able to cope rather adequately even through its negotiations
with the Indian Union, upon its official “declaration of independence” in August of 1947.
It is the opinion of this paper, however, that India, stung by the creation of Pakistan and
the violence of partition, proceeded to strangle Hyderabad into either capitulating or
ultimately acceding to the Dominion of India, never recognizing its right of selfdetermination as spelled out in the Indian Independence Act of 1947. While the Nizam’s
choice for independence seemed impractical and romantic at best, this paper intends to
show how India’s reasons for eventually invading and dragging Hyderabad into accession
were brought on willfully by the government of India itself, not by the Nizam and his
state, whose strength was much too inadequate to succeed in breaking away from India
itself. The tension, which had begun with democratic movements throughout the
subcontinent in opposition to the British colonial rule, found its flowering in the
consuming fire of partition, frightening any and all parties involved. The Nizam, who
had been steadfast against the movements in support of its ally Britain, had irrevocably
linked himself to Britain, and with their exit from the political scene of the subcontinent
after partition, were forced to face the newly created power of the Indian Union by itself.
Indeed, by the power of the vast resources, both military as well as financial, the
government of India, buoyed by the violent reaction to the communalism that had
engulfed the subcontinent, beginning in the subcontinent early the Nizam’s reign, would
ultimately through means both nefarious and heavy-handed bring to an end the reign of
the Nizam in Hyderabad, the oldest monarchy left in the India.
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