Question

how did belgium solved the problem of majoritarianism

Answer 1

Belgium even though a small country has a varied, diverse population. This is how the population structure of Belgium looks -
Dutch - 59 %
French - 40 %
German - 1 %
The Belgian government has amended their constitution four times, and made various adjustments to resolve the problem of majoritarianism.
- The Belgian constitution clearly states that both communities, Dutch and French will have equal representation in the governing body of the state.

- The capital , Brussels has a separate government, where too Dutch and French have been given equal representation in the government inspite of having unequal percentage in the population.

- Also, there's a kind of Community government in Belgium. This community government functions to resolve any dispute among the different ethnic groups- Dutch , French or German.

Answer 2

There are two risks of majoritanism: a majority of Flemish (Dutch speaking) over Walloons (French speaking) in the country as a whole, and a majority of French speaking over Dutch speaking people in Brussels, the capital.

We have two different solutions. For the Walloons, they have an independent parliament that can decide on things like education and culture, just like the Flemish, so Flemish cannot tell the Walloons what to do regarding these topics. And for decisions that are made at the federal level, both regional parliaments can invoke a ‘conflict of interest’ procedure if they find that a decision is unfair for one of the parties. It is not a total veto, but it can delay a decision for months. Finally, for changes in the constitution, a 2/3rd majority in the federal parliament is required, but also 50% in all regional parliaments.

In the Brussels' region, there's another regional parliament. To protect the Flemish minority in that region, we have a different solution that was decided 30 years ago or so. In those days the Flemish minority was like 35%, and there was a rule that each language group was guaranteed to have at least 3 out of 8 regional ministers, and a minimum number of seats in the Brussels' parliament as well. The rule still holds nowadays, even if the minority has decreased to less than 20%.