how did expansion of mean of communication and transport facilities commerlisation of agricultural
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Before the British rule, Indian transport and communication system was backward in comparison to the Western countries. There were no roads and no railway to connect distance places. No telegraph system ever existed.Roads:
The English took upon the projects for finding cheap and easy means of transport both on land and in water. Steps were taken to improve the condition of the existing roads. Some of the important cities, ports and, markets were connected by roads. But Lord William Bethink first initiated the project to connect Calcutta (Kolkata) with the frontier provinces of India. By that time Kolkata was the capital of the British Empire.
Works on this project started in 1839 to connect Kolkata with Delhi and it known as the Grand Trunk Road. Later this road was extended up to Lahore and Peshawar. To supervise and coordinate the construction works of roads, bridges, canals etc. Lord Dalhousie set upon the Public Works Department under a Chief Engineer.
Water Ways:
Water ways were more important for commercial purposes. Navigation canals were dug. Steamships and steam boats were introduced in the rivers, this means of transport proved cheaper and easier both for the merchants and people.
Railways:
However, introduction of railways was the milestone in the Indian transport system. The English observed the benefits of railways as the best means for distribution of finished goods and supply of raw materials.
The English realized that only a railway net work could meet their colonial needs. Therefore, some Englishmen thought of introducing railways in India. It was Rowland Macdonald Stephenson who argued that railways would be the easy and cheap means of transport for British industrial goods to the markets of interior India and for the raw materials to the sea-ports.Postal System:
No less important was the modernization of postal system in India by the British. Indian postal system was in deplorable condition. Posts were sent by horses and by postmen. This system used to take very long time to carry letters or news from one place to another. In addition, there was delay for various other reasons.Telegraph:
Dalhousie decided to introduce the electric telegraph in India as quick and better communication media.
He had the benefits of this by system in minds as found in Europe and North America. Partly he was prompted by the administrative need of establishing direct communication links between the Central Government at Kolkata and the provincial capitals. Further, as an imperialist, partly he felt the need of quick and constant touch with the military headquarters.
He promptly took actions in this direction and found an able engineer O' Shaughnessy to convert the plan into reality. His untiring efforts resulted in the installation of experimental telegraph lines. In 1852 three main trunk lines were taken up for communication network. First line linked Kolkata with Peshawar through Banaras, Allahabad, Agra, Ambla and Lahore. The second line connected Kolkata with Mumbai (Bombay). The third line linked Chennai (Madras) with Mumbai through Bangalore, Poona and Hyderabad. The telegraph system worked so efficiently that it became the point of attack for the revolutionaries during the Revolt of 1857Means of transport and communication had tremendous effect both on the Government of India and on the people. It benefited all in many ways. Opening of cheap and easy transport system profited the British merchants and capitalists the most.
It accelerated the pace of colonialism and economic exploitation of India. Within a short period, India was converted into a market for the British machine-products and a source of raw materials for the British industries.
Economy of Britain flourished at the cost of Indian economy. The Government of India succeeded in suppressing all internal resistances and in defending the empire against all external aggressions. It added efficiency and greater mobility to the army and military operations, hereafter, became easier and successful. It brought safety and stability for the British Empire in India.
The English took upon the projects for finding cheap and easy means of transport both on land and in water. Steps were taken to improve the condition of the existing roads. Some of the important cities, ports and, markets were connected by roads. But Lord William Bethink first initiated the project to connect Calcutta (Kolkata) with the frontier provinces of India. By that time Kolkata was the capital of the British Empire.
Works on this project started in 1839 to connect Kolkata with Delhi and it known as the Grand Trunk Road. Later this road was extended up to Lahore and Peshawar. To supervise and coordinate the construction works of roads, bridges, canals etc. Lord Dalhousie set upon the Public Works Department under a Chief Engineer.
Water Ways:
Water ways were more important for commercial purposes. Navigation canals were dug. Steamships and steam boats were introduced in the rivers, this means of transport proved cheaper and easier both for the merchants and people.
Railways:
However, introduction of railways was the milestone in the Indian transport system. The English observed the benefits of railways as the best means for distribution of finished goods and supply of raw materials.
The English realized that only a railway net work could meet their colonial needs. Therefore, some Englishmen thought of introducing railways in India. It was Rowland Macdonald Stephenson who argued that railways would be the easy and cheap means of transport for British industrial goods to the markets of interior India and for the raw materials to the sea-ports.Postal System:
No less important was the modernization of postal system in India by the British. Indian postal system was in deplorable condition. Posts were sent by horses and by postmen. This system used to take very long time to carry letters or news from one place to another. In addition, there was delay for various other reasons.Telegraph:
Dalhousie decided to introduce the electric telegraph in India as quick and better communication media.
He had the benefits of this by system in minds as found in Europe and North America. Partly he was prompted by the administrative need of establishing direct communication links between the Central Government at Kolkata and the provincial capitals. Further, as an imperialist, partly he felt the need of quick and constant touch with the military headquarters.
He promptly took actions in this direction and found an able engineer O' Shaughnessy to convert the plan into reality. His untiring efforts resulted in the installation of experimental telegraph lines. In 1852 three main trunk lines were taken up for communication network. First line linked Kolkata with Peshawar through Banaras, Allahabad, Agra, Ambla and Lahore. The second line connected Kolkata with Mumbai (Bombay). The third line linked Chennai (Madras) with Mumbai through Bangalore, Poona and Hyderabad. The telegraph system worked so efficiently that it became the point of attack for the revolutionaries during the Revolt of 1857Means of transport and communication had tremendous effect both on the Government of India and on the people. It benefited all in many ways. Opening of cheap and easy transport system profited the British merchants and capitalists the most.
It accelerated the pace of colonialism and economic exploitation of India. Within a short period, India was converted into a market for the British machine-products and a source of raw materials for the British industries.
Economy of Britain flourished at the cost of Indian economy. The Government of India succeeded in suppressing all internal resistances and in defending the empire against all external aggressions. It added efficiency and greater mobility to the army and military operations, hereafter, became easier and successful. It brought safety and stability for the British Empire in India.
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