How did life begin?
What is universe made up of?
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Life on Earth began more than 3 billion years ago, evolving from the most basic of microbes into a dazzling array of complexity over time
The Universe is thought to consist of three types of substance: normal matter, 'dark matter' and 'dark energy'. Normal matter consists of the atoms that make up stars, planets, human beings and every other visible object in the Universe.
The Universe is thought to consist of three types of substance: normal matter, 'dark matter' and 'dark energy'. Normal matter consists of the atoms that make up stars, planets, human beings and every other visible object in the Universe.
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■ Scientists do not know how life began on Earth. They do know that the early Earth’s atmosphere was very different from the atmosphere now.
In 1952, Stanley Miller was working with Harold C. Urey designed an experiment to see how complex organic molecules might have formed under the conditions of early Earth. They believed the early Earth atmosphere would have been composed of methane, ammonia, hydrogen and water vapor. They sealed these gases in an airtight container, and then exposed the gases to sparks of electricity to simulate lightning. They continued the lightning for a week, and by the end, a reddish-brown substance had coated the walls of the container. This substance contained 11 of the 20 amino acids used by life on earth. Since Miller and Urey performed this experiment, its results have been confirmed many times by other scientists. Many scientists now believe that the early Earth’s atmosphere was composed of carbon dioxide, nitrogen and water vapor.
Modern experiments with this mixture of gases produce similar results suggesting that early conditions on Earth produced complex organic molecules that probably became the basis for the development of more complex organisms. However, scientists have not been able to replicate the formation of even simple organisms, or anything that can really replicate itself. There are several theories as to how the amino acids might have made the leap into the complex, self-replicating life we see today.
●We only know about a small fraction of the matter in the Universe. The rest is a mysterious substance known only as dark matter.
If an alien managed to visit our Universe from a parallel reality, there is a high chance they would not even notice we exist.
In a way that's obvious: the Universe is enormous and our planet is but a small, pale blue dot. But it's worse than that: the aliens might not even notice all the stars and the planets that orbit them. They could even miss the vast clouds of dust that float through space.
All these familiar things only make up a fraction of the matter in our Universe. The rest is something else, a material that nobody on Earth has ever seen.
For want of a better name, physicists call this stuff "dark matter". If it weren't there, galaxies would fly apart. Nobody knows what it is, but physicists are hot on its trail.
■ Scientists do not know how life began on Earth. They do know that the early Earth’s atmosphere was very different from the atmosphere now.
In 1952, Stanley Miller was working with Harold C. Urey designed an experiment to see how complex organic molecules might have formed under the conditions of early Earth. They believed the early Earth atmosphere would have been composed of methane, ammonia, hydrogen and water vapor. They sealed these gases in an airtight container, and then exposed the gases to sparks of electricity to simulate lightning. They continued the lightning for a week, and by the end, a reddish-brown substance had coated the walls of the container. This substance contained 11 of the 20 amino acids used by life on earth. Since Miller and Urey performed this experiment, its results have been confirmed many times by other scientists. Many scientists now believe that the early Earth’s atmosphere was composed of carbon dioxide, nitrogen and water vapor.
Modern experiments with this mixture of gases produce similar results suggesting that early conditions on Earth produced complex organic molecules that probably became the basis for the development of more complex organisms. However, scientists have not been able to replicate the formation of even simple organisms, or anything that can really replicate itself. There are several theories as to how the amino acids might have made the leap into the complex, self-replicating life we see today.
●We only know about a small fraction of the matter in the Universe. The rest is a mysterious substance known only as dark matter.
If an alien managed to visit our Universe from a parallel reality, there is a high chance they would not even notice we exist.
In a way that's obvious: the Universe is enormous and our planet is but a small, pale blue dot. But it's worse than that: the aliens might not even notice all the stars and the planets that orbit them. They could even miss the vast clouds of dust that float through space.
All these familiar things only make up a fraction of the matter in our Universe. The rest is something else, a material that nobody on Earth has ever seen.
For want of a better name, physicists call this stuff "dark matter". If it weren't there, galaxies would fly apart. Nobody knows what it is, but physicists are hot on its trail.
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